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Chapter 12 Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People? Can We Prevent It? Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.) Topic

Question Type

Fact

Multiple Choice

1

Conceptual

Applied

7,12,15,20,22,23, 24,25,27,30,32, 33,34,35,41,44,49, 51,52,53,56,57,58, 60,62,63

3,4,8,9,10,13,14, 18,19,36,39,40, 43,48,59,61,65, 66

183,184,185,186,189

182,188

73,79,81,82,83,84, 86,88,91,92,93

69,72,74,75,76, 77,78,87,89,90,95

Introduction Essay

What Is Aggression?

Multiple Choice

2,5,6,11,16,17,21,26, 28,29,31,37,38, 42,43,45,46,47, 50,54,55,64,67

Essay

Multiple Choice

68,70,71,80,85,94

Social Situations and Aggression Essay

Learning to Behave Aggressively

Multiple Choice

190

96,100,101,109, 111,117

98,99,102,103,104, 105,106,110,116

Essay

Multiple Choice

How to Reduce Aggression

191

128,129,133,134, 135,139,140,146,152, 154,156,158,164,166, 173,175

120,122,123,124,126, 127,131,132,138, 141,143,144, 147,148,150,151,153, 160,163,165,167,168, 169,170,171,176,177

121,125,130,136,137, 142,145,149,155,157, 159,161,162,172,174

193

192,194

Essay

Could the Columbine Massacre Have Been Prevented?

Multiple Choice

97,107,108,112, 113,114,115,118,119

178,179,180

181

Essay

195

1 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 12 AGGRESSION: WHY DO WE HURT OTHER PEOPLE? CAN WE PREVENT IT? ____________________________________________________________________________

Multiple Choice Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.

Your text provides the example of the Columbine High School shootings as an extreme example of aggression. Which of the following is not true about the shooting? a. The shooters intended the massacre to be much worse. b. The shooters were disgruntled high school teachers. c. It is the worst school shooting in U.S. history. d. Over a dozen people were injured and/or killed. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 329 Topic: Introduction Question Type: FACTUAL

2.

According to most social psychologists, aggression is defined as a. the intention to cause harm to or pain in another. b. the infliction of harm or pain on another. c. the intention to relieve frustration by harming another. d. any action that results in physical or psychological pain in another. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

3.

According to the social-psychological definition of “aggression,” which of the behaviors below is the best example of aggression? a. Donald is not paying attention and runs over the neighbor’s bicycle as he backs out of the driveway. b. Amanda asserts herself with her boss and makes a spirited argument for a raise. c. A child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father. d. One basketball player fouls another when he is trying to shoot. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED

2 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4.

Which of the following is the best example of hostile aggression?

3 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. Bernie is angry at his mother and screams at her, “I hate you!” b. Angela threatens her younger brother to force him to give up a toy which belongs to her. c. A lineman sacks a quarterback to put him out of the game. d. An angry driver loses control and runs his car into a ditch. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED 5.

________ aggression is an act that stems from feelings of anger, and that is aimed at inflicting pain. a. Misplaced b. Hostile c. Instrumental d. Malicious Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

6.

________ aggression is an act in the service of a goal that does not involve the infliction of pain. a. Misplaced b. Hostile c. Instrumental d. Oblique Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

7.

Hostile aggression differs from instrumental aggression in that instrumental aggression a. often follows from anger or frustration. b. is more destructive than hostile aggression. c. is more likely to result in retaliation. d. involves inflicting pain as a means to an end. Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

8.

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression? a. Scott has a quick temper and gets into fights at parties. b. An assassin kills a leader to ensure the success of a coup. c. Angry at her boyfriend, Liz destroys his stereo. d. Karin runs over her neighbor’s cat. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED

9.

Which of the following is an example of hostile rather than of instrumental aggression? a. A farmer kills a pig for an Easter ham. b. A teenager throws eggs at a homeless person. 4 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. A woman uses a fly swatter to kill a fly. d. A soldier kills an enemy at war. Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED 10.

Andrea asks her friends to spread a nasty rumor about her opponent for the office of class president to attempt to damage his reputation in the days before the election. This is an example of a. instrumental aggression. b. hostile aggression. c. assertiveness. d. extreme prejudice. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED

11.

The goal of ________ aggression is to inflict pain; the goal of ________ aggression is to achieve some other outcome. a. hostile; instrumental b. hostile; functional c. functional; instrumental d. biological; evolutionary Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

12.

According to the authors of your text, the same act may be considered aggression or not depending on whether a. physical harm was actually done. b. physical or psychological harm was done. c. physical or psychological harm was intended. d. the act was due to anger or was a means to an end. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

13.

Mr. Jenkins was backing out of his driveway and accidentally hit his neighbor (whom he dislikes) as he was biking by. Why isn’t this act aggressive? a. Because no psychological harm was done. b. Because Mr. Jenkins wasn’t angry at the time. c. The neighbor was defenseless. d. It was unintentional. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED

14.

Julie is really interested in Tom. She flirts with him at lunch a few times, and finally asks him out for a drink on Friday. According to the authors of your text, Julie’s behavior is 5 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. assertive. b. aggressive. c. masculine. d. abnormal. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED 15.

According to evolutionary theory, some psychologists argue that men are programmed to be aggressive. What is their explanation for this claim? a. Men are stronger than women, thus more aggressive. b. Men are socialized to be more aggressive. c. Aggression may help men perpetuate their genes. d. Acts of aggression and violence are attractive to many women. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

16.

Based on the evolutionary explanations for aggression presented in your text, who is most likely to be physically aggressive? a. an Asian American b. a woman c. an African American d. a man Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

17.

Based on information presented in your text, what are the two evolutionary reasons why males are aggressive? a. dominance and jealousy b. hostility and instrumentality c. jealousy and hostility d. dominance and instrumentality Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330-331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

18.

In a primitive tribe, Shantu fights with the other young men his age to impress the young ladies. As it turns out, several young women are attracted to him because he seems to be able to protect them and is rising in social status. In essence, Shantu’s aggression can be explained in evolutionary terms as a display of a. jealousy. b. dominance. c. brutality. d. fertility. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED 6 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

19.

Shortly after Mary and Robert were married, he became somewhat aggressive to other men who showed an interest in his wife, and made claims like, “Anyone who lays a hand on my woman has to go through me first.” Such claims and aggression are explained by evolutionary theory as a. displays of dominance. b. acts of power. c. domestic violence. d. sexual jealousy. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED

20.

Males tend to be more violent in their teens and twenties than later in life. Based on evolutionary theory (as discussed by the authors of your text), why would this be true? a. They are having trouble finding their place in the world. b. These are peak reproductive years. c. They are starting puberty. d. This is when antisocial personality disorder manifests. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 330-331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

21.

Researchers have found that testosterone levels are significantly higher in men ________, suggesting a ________ contribution to aggression in humans. a. from abusive homes; biological b. convicted of violent crimes; biological. from lower socioeconomic backgrounds; social d. convicted of property crimes; biological Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

22.

Evolutionary explanations for behavior are controversial for several reasons. Nonetheless, how true are the evolutionary explanations for aggression? a. Experiments have been conducted, so they are proven facts. b. The theory has been supported by substantial experimental research c. All the research is correlational, so they are speculations. d. There is no data to support evolutionary explanations, so they have been disproven. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

23.

Biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961) demonstrated that a cat that had been raised from birth with a rat in the same cage would attack neither that specific rat nor other rats. This research suggests that a. conflict over scarce resources contributes to aggression. b. aggression is a learned response. c. aggressive behavior is not instinctive. d. aggressive instincts can be modified through experience. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? 7 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Question Type: CONCEPTUAL 24.

A researcher (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1963) raised rats in isolation. When other rats were finally introduced into their cages, rats raised alone ________, suggesting that ________. a. could not defend themselves; aggression is learned b. used the same aggressive behaviors as other rats; aggression need not be learned c. did not aggress against them; instrumental aggression does not exist in nonhumans d. fled from the new rats; aggression must be learned Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

25.

Researchers have found that humans kill members of their own kind at ________ rate ________. a. the same; as bonobos b. a lower; than bonobos c. a higher; than chimpanzees d. the same; as chimpanzees Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

26.

How does female-dominated society lead bonobos to deal with conflict? a. They diffuse tension by having sex. b. There is aggressive conflict, but only among females. c. There is aggressive conflict, but among both males and females in mixed sex combat. d. They have a clear and unchallenged hierarchy with a female firmly in charge of the group. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

27.

Based on research conducted with nonhuman animals, it is reasonable to conclude that aggression a. is not inevitable, but instead an optional strategy. b. may be instinctive; very few species are able to suppress aggressive urges. c. is not instinctive, but rather solely a result of learned processes. d. is instinctive in all species except humans. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 332 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

28.

According to research presented by the authors of your text, humans’ two closest primate relatives (sharing 98 percent of DNA with humans) are the ________, known for their aggressive nature, and the ________, known for their peaceful nature. a. bonobos, chimpanzees b. pygmy chimps, bonobos c. chimpanzees, bonobos d. bonobos, pygmy chimps Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 331 8 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL 29.

The chimpanzee shares 98 percent of its DNA with humans, and can be described as a. the only nonhuman species that commits murder. b. the only nonhuman species that steals from members of its own group. c. extremely peaceful. d. led by a female hierarchy. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

30.

Bonobos are a close primate relative to humans, sharing 98 percent of human DNA. Bonobos are particularly interesting to use when studying aggression because they are a. highly aggressive primates who are known to brutally attack one another. b. led by a male hierarchy. c. very peaceful and led by a female hierarchy. d. the only other animal with the hormone testosterone. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 331 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

31.

The Pygmies of Central Africa and the Arapesh of New Guinea live in peace and harmony, while European history consists of one war after the other. Formerly peace-loving, the Iroquois became a fierce and aggressive Native American tribe in the seventeenth century. These examples illustrate that a. in humans, innate behavioral patterns—including aggression—are infinitely malleable and modifiable. b. frustration often contributes to aggression in otherwise peaceable societies. c. there are strong regional differences in the endorsement of aggression as a solution to social problems. d. humans, lacking inhibitory mechanisms, must rely on cultural norms to curb aggression. Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 332 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

32.

According to your textbook, most social psychologists agree that aggression is a(n) ________ strategy. a. inherited b. uncontrollable c. optional d. inflexible Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 332 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

33.

What, according to the social-psychological point of view, is inherited about aggression? a. Nothing: aggression is completely learned from one’s parents, peers, and culture. b. a tendency to respond to provocation against an aggressor, which can be overridden c. fixed action patterns of responding to certain “trigger” cues d. patterns of threat and attack in response to challenge Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 332 9 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL 34.

Most social psychologists regard aggressive behavior patterns as a. infinitely modifiable and flexible. b. completely due to culture, with no influence of biology. c. inborn, but modifiable when threat is imminent. d. expressing a limited range of responses to provocation. Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page(s) in Text: 332 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

35.

During the seventeenth century, when European fur traders arrived, the Iroquois changed from a peace-loving tribe to fierce enemies of their neighbors, the Hurons. This suggests that a. there are consistent cultural norms driving the expression of aggression. b. tribal inbreeding selected for aggressive behaviors. c. economic and social competition can elicit aggression. d. aggression is affected by innate propensities and learned inhibitory responses. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 332 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

36. Amu lives in an isolated area and very close-knit community. The community hunts and farms together and must do so to survive. If Amu suddenly becomes aggressive toward other community members, how is he likely to be treated? a. He’ll be rewarded with a larger share of food. b. He will be elected to a leadership position in the community. c. He will be shunned and perhaps even cast out of the community. d. His behavior will be ignored and won’t attract any attention. Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 332 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: APPLIED 37.

The Teduray of the Philippines believe that humans are violent by nature, so they work to be sure that their behavior does not harm others. However, when will they become aggressive? a. When someone in the group commits adultery. b. When they must protect themselves from outside groups. c. When it is hunting season and they must compete with one another for scarce food. d. When they have to compete to find a wife or husband. Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 332 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL

38.

Survey research by Nisbett (1993) has revealed that although southerners are no more likely than northerners to endorse aggression in general, a. southerners are more prone to aggress in response to insults. b. the availability of handguns in the South produces more homicides there. c. the “culture of honor” in the North encourages alternatives to aggression. d. southerners are less likely to endorse aggression at the service of self-protection. Answer: A 10 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 2 Page(s) in Text: 333 Topic: What Is Aggression? Question Type: FACTUAL 39.

Nisbett (1993) has conducted research pointing to regional differences in the propensity to aggress. Based on his findings, which of the men below would be more likely to beat up another man who called his wife “ugly”? a. Jethro, who lives in New York City b. Rocky, who is from Maine c. Ted, who lives in Texas d. Brian, who lives in rural I...