Chapter 13 Pages 412-418 PDF

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Chapter 13 Notes: Expansion, War, and Sectional Crisis; 1844-1860 Tony Quartarone 

The US’ efforts to expand were hindered by the Natives in the West, Great Britain, and Mexico. o James Knox Polk, the 14th President, was an ardent imperialist and he violently pursued US expansion. He also supported all of the wars that resulted from expansion. 

His advances caused more debate over slavery, as the North wanted to end expansion of slavery while the South wanted to do just that.

Manifest Destiny: South and North 

After the Missouri crisis, politicians didn’t want to support policies that would create national strife, such as annexing TX. But during the 1840s, many Americans wanted the annexation to happen, and both the North and South wanted to expand their ideology about slavery throughout the US.

The Push to the Pacific: 

Manifest Destiny was the term used to describe the American’s yearn to expand and the belief that expansion is a God-given right. It also represented how the Americans thought they were superior to the Natives in the West, and that they deserved to be driven out.

Oregon: 

Farmers in the Ohio River wanted to expand into the Oregon Country, and they were allowed to settle there alongside the British after 1818 with an agreement they had with the Hudson Bay Company. o After a US Navy report in 1842 that described how nice the area was, “Oregon fever” spread, and 1,000 men, women, and children moved there in 1843. 

Another 5,000 yeomen travelers from the southern border states moved there 1-2 years later.

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By 1860, 250,000 Americans traveled the Oregon Trail. 34,000 of them died due to disease and 500 due to Natives. 

Women had a terrible time on these trails. 2,500 gave birth whilst traveling.

This HW was assigned on 4/1/16 covering pages 412-418 and it was completed solely by Tony Quartarone for Mrs. Lonergan’s Period 5 class.

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Most of these settlers settled in the Willamette Valley, and they set up land in hope that the government would legally recognize it. Men were only allowed to vote in these new settlements.

California: 

3,000 pioneers went to California, traveling along the California Trail and the Sacramento River.

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Only a few Mexicans lived there, despite being owned by Mexico. o Afterward, they either went back to their tribes or they worked on Mexican ranches. 

These ranches helped the American economy, as they purchased leather from MA. 

Many Americans in the North married the daughters of Mexican ranchers, called Californios, and adopted their culture, Catholicism, and attitudes. o Some American migrants did not adopt the Mexican lifestyle however, and they wanted to annex CA like they did TX, but they had insufficient numbers to do so.

The Plains Indians: 

Nomadic buffalo-hunting Natives lived in the western Great Plains, while the eastern Natives lived in the river valleys. The eastern Plains Natives were semi-sedentary and their population included the Natives that were “removed” by Jackson in the 1830s. There were many military posts to prevent the resettled Natives from leaving. o The Pawnees and Mandans that lived on the Upper Missouri River ate beans, corn, and hunted buffalo on foot by driving them off cliffs or into canyons. o To the south, the nomadic Apaches had horses from the NM Spanish settlers. o The Comanche developed a horse-based culture and imperialist ideas. 

They were skilled buffalo hunters and they slowly pushed the Apaches further and further south.

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They attacked Spanish settlements in NM, capturing women and children.

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They sold horses to the northern Natives and to American farmers in MO and AK.

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They had an alliance with the Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapahos, who also had horses. They dominated the Great Plains as a result.

This HW was assigned on 4/1/16 covering pages 412-418 and it was completed solely by Tony Quartarone for Mrs. Lonergan’s Period 5 class.

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European illness hurt the populations of these Natives. Smallpox spread north from New Spain from 1779-1781 and killed ½ of the Plains people. 20 years later, another smallpox epidemic spread along the Missouri River. Then, through 1837-1840, half of the Native population in the northern plains died.

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European weapons drastically changed the geography of the Natives. o The Cree and the Assiniboine people drove out the entire Blackfoot peoples into the Rocky Mountains with their newly acquired guns in 1750. Once the Blackfoot got guns, they pushed other Natives southward. o The Lakota Sioux people acquired guns from the Americans, Spanish, and French and they were great buffalo hunters. They avoided major epidemics and they were the dominant tribe in the northern and central plains. 

They hunted, ate, and shipped buffalo goods by the Missouri River with the Missouri Fur Company and the American Fur Company. 160,000 buffalo died a year because of it. 

Women dried and prepared the meat to trade, and they skinned the hides o They were not able to ask the best price for all of these items, and they weren’t industrial so they couldn’t sell their leather to their best potential. o The northern buffalo population crashed from 5 million to 2 million.

The Fateful Election of 1844: 

The election of 1844 changed the US government’s view on the Great Plains, Far West, and TX. o Since 1836, southern leaders wanted to annex TX but they didn’t to avoid conflict with the North that didn’t want slavery to go into TX. 

Rumors were going around that Britain encouraged Mexico to keep TX independent; wanted CA to serve as payment for debts to them; and had designs on Spanish Cuba, which southerners wanted slavery to be legal in. This caused many to make TX’s annexation immediate. 

Because Oregon Fever and all of the other great expansionist movements, President John Tyler called for the annexation of TX. He and John C. Calhoun sent the Senate a treaty to bring TX into the Union. o This failed, as Van Buren and Clay opposed annexation. o As a result, TX’s annexation became a central issue of the election.

This HW was assigned on 4/1/16 covering pages 412-418 and it was completed solely by Tony Quartarone for Mrs. Lonergan’s Period 5 class....