Chapter 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood PDF

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Professor Kristen Dovgan...

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11.21.19 Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood Erikson’s Theory: Industry vs Inferiority industry: sense of competence skills - positive, but realistic self-concept - pride in accomplishments inferiority: lack of confidence in ability to do things well - pessimism, poor self concept - more rare Self-Concept in Middle Childhood complex and organized into stable psychological dispositions make social comparisons emphasize competencies (positive and negative) - talk about things that they do a lot of or things they’re particularly not good at - general descriptions - “i’m happy”, not “i like” Self-Esteem in Middle Childhood self-esteem: - drops during the first few school years, then rises - adjusts to a more realistic level - hierarchically structured four broad self-evaluations: - academic competence - language arts - math - other school subjects - social competence - relationship with peers - relationship with parents - physical / athletic competence - outdoor games - various sports - physical appearance - body, face, etc - most contributing factor to self-esteem in middle childhood cultural values: - which of these aspects is most important in your community? gender stereotyped beliefs: - boys should be good at sports, girls should be good at certain school subjects

11.21.19 child-rearing practices: - authoritative ↑ -

authoritarian or uninvolved ↓

Attribution Style attribution style: what you attribute successes and failures to mastery-orientation: - success = ability - failure = lack of effort - ability = incremental can improve by trying - focus on learning goals - see failures as learning experiences performance-orientation: - success = luck - failure = lack of ability - ability = fixed and cannot change - learned helplessness - focus on performance goals - see failures as failures influences: - cognitive: - more realistic view of abilities - cultural values: - some cultures focus more on failures - some cultures focus more on successes and not how failures can help you learn - parents: - praising the person vc the process - “you’re so smart” vs “you tried really hard” - teachers: - emphasis on grades vs learning Emotional Self-Regulation some cultural differences: - hindu emphasize control of emotional behavior - buddhist emphasize maintaining calm, peaceful disposition - western emphasis on personal rights and self- expression Coping with Stress okay i need help w this one problem-centered: when the situation is seen as changeable

11.21.19 - 1) identify the difficulty - 2) decide what to do about it emotion-centered: when the situation is seen as unchangeable - 1) internal and private control of distress Religious Understandings in School Years children embrace culturally transmitted religion focus on personal things / relationships rather than moral injustices Understanding Diversity and Inequality absorb society’s attitudes - white people = power & privilege - people of color = inferior status implicit messages in their surroundings form biased attitudes when authority figures display status distinctions hi katie are you reading this? it’s currently the day before thanksgiving break in-group favoritism: can be shown by age 7-8 strength of biases depends on personal / situational factors: - fixed view of personality traits - assume personality > situation / context - overly high self-esteem - heavily sorted social groups Peer Groups popularity / rejection rejected: aggressive, withdrawn (unpopular) controversial: positive and negative traits accepted: prosocial, antisocial (popular) neglected: the people we forget friendship: a symmetrical one-to-one relationship popularity: group concern - the correlation between being popular and being liked decreases with grade level peer groups: form by proximity and similarity peer culture: special vocabulary, behavior, dress code, place to hang out - exclude peers who deviate - some relational aggression Friendship in Middle Childhood more complex and psychologically based trust is defining feature - secrets more selective

11.21.19 - not just friends with who whatever you played with that day high-quality friendships are fairly stable impact of friendships depends on qualities - kindness and compassion vs aggression and hostile interaction Peer Victimization bullies and their victims 20% of children are bullies 25% repeated victims 20-40% have been cyberbullied bully-victims: bullies who were victims first and became angry / aggressive victimization → adjustment problems: - depression - loneliness - low self-esteem - poor school performance - chances of being a victim also increase if you have these problems Gender Identity and Behavior gender identity and gender constancy - idea that you don’t change gender if you put on a wig or a dress or whatever gender identity expands to include: - gender typicality: degree to which a child feels similar to others of the same gender - gender contentedness: degree to which a child feels comfortable with his/her gender assignment girls believe that boys and girls are about the same in math abilities, but men are better than women whether or not it’s okay to exclude someone based on gender increases with age ??? - less with ethnicity Maternal Employment and Child Development is it better for the child if the mom works and the child attends day care or if the mom stays at home? best outcomes for the child are when the mom does what the mom wants to do benefits (when mom enjoys work): - higher self-esteem - positive family and peer relationships - fewer gender stereotypes - better grades - more father involvement drawbacks (when mom’s work is stressful): - less time for child

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risk of ineffective parenting secondhand stress...