Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood PDF

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Cognitive development in middle to late childhood...

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7. Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood Psy 241 Gibson •

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Piaget’s Theory o Concrete Operations (7-11/12 Years) §฀ Logical reasoning (can use logic quite well) §฀ Can use operations and logic §฀ Decentering • Can comprehend multiple points of view §฀ Understand reversibility (can go back and forth with their logic and reasoning) §฀ Reasoning is largely tied to the objects of the outside world and tangible examples Education in Middle Childhood o 6 – 12 years = Elementary School(ish) o Focused on reading, writing, and mathematics Intelligence o Problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from, and adapt to, the experiences of everyday life Intelligence Testing o Intelligence quotient §฀ IQ = (Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100 o Two most common tests: §฀ Stanford-Binet 5 • Fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory §฀ Wechsler Scales • Multiple scales including verbal comprehension, working memory, processing speed Intelligence Scores Measuring Intelligence o Highly controversial §฀ Against • Intelligence is much more complex and multifaceted than what we currently test • Tests are culturally biased • Reducing a person’s intelligence to a number is simplistic and ethically questionable §฀ For • Better than alternative methods for predicting outcomes like school grades, achievement test scores, and occupational success • Valuable for special education decisions • Other methods for evaluating special education decisions, like teacher or psychologist recommendations, may be even more biased Other Theories of Intelligence o Sternberg’s tri-archaic theory (some people have all three of these intelligences to variant levels) §฀ Analytical intelligence • Ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast §฀ Creative intelligence • Ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine §฀ Practical intelligence • Ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice o Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory

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Linguistic (literature, writing, speaking) Logical-mathematical (good at mathematics and science, logic and reasoning) Spatial (visual learners, imaginations (ex: architect)) Musical (music, auditory places, rhythm) Naturalistic (very good at nature, understand biological systems like the body and animals) Bodily-kinesthetic (Hands on learners) Intrapersonal (understands their thoughts and feelings, like being alone) Interpersonal (good at others and understand other peoples thoughts and feelings)...