Chapter 13 - Summary World Art PDF

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Art in Humanities Readings Outline Chapter 13 CHAPTER 13: ARCHITECTURE (Pages 284-298) The two basic families of structural systems 1. Shell system 2. Skeleton and skin system Shell system - the same material is used for structural support & sheathing (covering), such as brick, stone, adobe (mud bricks covered with a layer of mud) or log cabins. Skeleton-and-skin system - like the human body - uses a strong material for support (in skyscrapers, steel) & lighter material to cover it (like glass or aluminum siding) Load-bearing construction - “stacking and piling.” - simplest method of making a building, and it is suitable for brick, stone, adobe, ice blocks, and certain modern materials. - Great Friday Mosque, Djenne, Mali. (monumental architecture) Post-and-lintel - After stacking and piling, post-and-lintel construction is the most elementary structural method, based on two uprights (the posts) supporting a horizontal crosspiece (the lintel - Most common materials are stone or wood, but neither has great tensile strength, so a great many posts must be used - favorite method of architects for raising a roof and providing for open space underneath. Greek orders of architecture 1. Doric 2.Ionic 3. Corinthian The round arch - used by the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia several centuries before our common era - Its components push against each other to achieve stability. - Open up large spaces in a wall, while keeping the wall structurally safe Keystone - Top center stone (makes the arch stable) - the two sides of the arch meet and lean against each other Barrel vault - When the arch is extended in depth—when it is, in reality, many arches placed flush one behind the other

- Think of a train tunnel. - makes it possible to create large interior spaces. Romanesque -style prevalent throughout western Europe from about 1050 to 1200 -builders set a stone barrel vault as a ceiling over the nave (the long central area), hiding the roof structure from view. Groin vault - results when two barrel vaults are crossed at right angles to each other, thus directing the weights and stresses down into the four corners Gothic - More openings can be used, & so more light comes in. - Stained glass was used to admit colored light Pointed arch - Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can be taller. Flying buttresses -Imagine if you stand away from the wall and press against it with outstretched arms, your body is a pier, and your arms are flying buttresses Dome - a curved vault built to cover an interior space - The most common type of dome takes the form of a “shell of rotation”—that is, a form generated by rotating an arch about a vertical central axis. -Half globe perfected by romans The Pantheon - a temple dedicated to “all the gods” - has a perfect hemispherical dome soaring 142 feet above the floor, resting upon a cylinder - The dome is made of concrete, which would have been applied over wooden centering erected in the interior Concrete and Roman architecture - Roman buildings were made of thick concrete, tamped down into parallel brick walls as though into a mold, then faced with stone veneer to look as though they were made of solid stone Corbelling - To create arch, vault, and dome forms, Indian architects used this technique - in a corbelled arch, each course (row) of stones extends slightly beyond the one below, until eventually the opening is bridged

(Pages 299-319) Cast iron construction

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