Chapter 8 - Summary World Art PDF

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Art in Humanities Readings Outline Chapter 8 Readings for the study slides will be announced in the lectures.

CHAPTER 8: PRINTS Matrix -a surface on which a design is prepared before being transferred through pressure to a receiving surface such as paper -an artist makes a matrix to create prints from it Edition -written by the artist on each approved impression, along with the number of the impression within that edition. For example, a print numbered 10/100 is the tenth impression of a limited edition of one hundred. -declared limit to the number of impressions that will be made. Relief -describes any printing method in which the image to be printed is raised from a background -raised areas hold ink Woodcut -the artist first draws the desired image on a block of wood. Then all the areas that are not meant to print are cut and gouged out of the wood so that the image stands out in relief Wood Engraving -Uses a block of wood as a matrix. -But whereas a woodcut matrix is created on a surface cut along the grain, a wood engraving matrix is created on a surface cut across the grain, an end-grain block -The tools used for wood engraving cut fine, narrow channels that show as white lines when the block is inked and printed Linoleum cut or Linocut -very similar to a woodcut. -Linoleum, however, is much softer than wood. -The softness makes linoleum easier to cut, but it also limits the number of crisp impressions that can be produced, since the block wears down more quickly during printing. -Linoleum has no grain, so it is possible to make cuts in any direction with equal ease. Intaglio

-intaglio (“to cut”) is exactly the reverse of relief, in that the areas meant to print are below the surface of the printing plate. The artist uses a sharp tool or acid to make depressions—lines or grooves—in a metal plate. -When the plate is inked, the ink sinks into the depressions. Then the surface of the plate is wiped clean. When dampened paper is brought into contact with the plate under pressure, the paper is pushed into the depressions to pick up the image. Engraving -The oldest of the intaglio techniques, engraving developed from the medieval practice of incising (cutting) linear designs in armor and other metal surfaces. -The basic tool of engraving is the burin, a sharp, V-shaped instrument used to cut lines into the metal plate Drypoint -similar to engraving, except that the cutting instrument used is a drypoint needle -As the needle scratches across the plate, it raises a burr, or thin ridge of metal -If left in place, the burr will hold ink along with the incised line, producing a soft, slightly blurred line when printed. Artists: Albrecht Durer -Dürer made a great many paintings and drawings, but it is his output in prints (engravings, woodcuts, and etchings) that is truly extraordinary\ -Renaissance artist Mezzotint -reverse process, in which the artist works from dark to light -the artist first roughens the entire plate with a sharp tool called a rocker. -Lighter tones can be created only by smoothing or rubbing out these rough spots so as not to trap the ink -found immediate favor as a method for reproducing famous paintings in black and white, thus making them available to a broad audience. Etching -done with acids, which “eat” lines and depressions into a metal plate much as sharp tools cut those depressions in the other methods -To make an etching, the artist first coats the entire printing plate with an acid-resistant substance Ground -the artist first coats the entire printing plate with an acid-resistant substance -made from beeswax, asphalt, and other materials Aquatint -a way of achieving flat areas of tone—gray values or intermediate values of color. -Aquatint was invented around 1650 by a Dutch printmaker named Jan van de Velde

Lithography -the process of printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is required for printing. -the artist first draws the image on the stone with a greasy material Alois Senefelder -Invented Lithography -wrote out his laundry list on the stone, using his new combination of materials—wax, soap, and lampblack. Later, he decided to try immersing the stone in acid. Planographic process - The printing surface is flat—not raised as in relief or depressed as in intaglio. Silkscreen or serigraphy -The screen is a fine mesh of silk or synthetic fiber mounted in a frame, rather like a window screen. (silk writing) -Then the screen is placed over paper, and the ink is forced through the mesh with a tool called a squeegee Monotype -made by an indirect process, like any other print, but, as the prefix “mono” implies, only one print results -the artist draws on a metal plate or some other smooth surface, often with diluted oil paints. Then the plate is run through a press to transfer the image to paper -the original is destroyed or so altered that there can be no duplicate impressions Inkjet -The inkjet printers used for fine-art prints are more sophisticated versions -it uses finer, pigment based inks formulated to resist fading or altering in color over time....