Chapter 13 SYCH - PSY Testbank chpater 13 PDF

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PSY Testbank chpater 13...

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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

A) B) C) D)

1. Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another? developmental psychology social psychology personality psychology clinical psychology

A) B) C) D)

2. Professor Szumski conducts research designed to identify persuasion strategies that promote lasting changes in attitudes. Professor Szumski is most likely a ________ psychologist. personality clinical social biological

A) B) C) D)

3. Attribution theory was designed to account for the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior. the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations. how people explain others' behavior.

A) B) C) D)

4. Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their heredity or their environment. biological motives or their psychological motives. thoughts or their emotions. dispositions or their situations.

A) B) C) D)

5. Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of a situational attribution. cognitive dissonance. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. a dispositional attribution.

6. Monica sees Laurena, who is normally shy, give a speech in class with confidence. Monica therefore attributes Laurena's behavior to the course requirement. Monica's explanation for Laurena's behavior is an example of

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A) B) C) D)

a situational attribution. cognitive dissonance. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. a dispositional attribution.

A) B) C) D)

7. The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others. attitudes; cognitive dissonance cognitive dissonance; attitudes personal dispositions; situational influences situational influences; personal dispositions

A) B) C) D)

8. Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because he is unmotivated to do well in school. the test covered material that had not been adequately covered in class. his parents had an argument the evening before the test. he was not given enough time to complete the test.

A) B) C) D)

9. Compared with people from East Asian cultures, those from individualist Western countries are more likely to demonstrate situational attributions. cognitive dissonance. positive attitudes. the fundamental attribution error.

10. A child hits one of his older siblings, who is constantly teasing him. People from East Asian cultures would be more likely than people from individualist Western cultures to explain the younger child's behavior in terms of A) hostile motives. B) a lack of self-control. C) an enduring personality trait. D) the stressful situation.

11. The fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by A) cognitive dissonance. B) assigned roles.

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C) D)

attitudes. personality traits.

12. We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________. A) attitudes; cognitive dissonance B) situational constraints; personality traits C) cognitive dissonance; attitudes D) personality traits; situational constraints

A) B) C) D)

13. In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate cognitive dissonance. central route persuasion. the fundamental attribution error. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

14. The fundamental attribution error is most likely to occur when we explain an instance of good behavior performed by a person we have never met before. good behavior performed by a person we have previously met in a number of different situations. C) bad behavior performed by a person we have never met before. D) bad behavior performed by a person we have previously met in a number of different situations. A) B)

A) B) C) D)

15. We are NOT likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone in a variety of situations. who is unemployed. who is wealthy. we dislike.

16. Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. Our explanations of our own actions performed long ago are ________ likely to involve dispositional attributions than our explanations of our own very recent actions. A) less; less B) more; more C) less; more D) more; less

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17. Observing yourself on a video replay is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to A) cognitive dissonance. B) role playing. C) personality traits. D) attitudes.

18. Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of A) cognitive dissonance. B) central route persuasion. C) negative attitudes. D) the fundamental attribution error.

A) B) C) D)

19. The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to attribute a stranger's lack of employment to a weak economy. act of kindness to a compassionate personality. criminal behavior to a poor education. friendliness to social role requirements.

20. After reflecting on the power of choice, participants in experiments became increasingly less likely to attribute the misfortunes of others to A) personality traits. B) role playing. C) situational influences. D) cognitive dissonance.

21. Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________. A) the poor; the rich B) women; men C) social psychologists; evolutionary psychologists D) political conservatives; political liberals

A) B)

22. Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior. roles situational attributions

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C) D)

belief-based feelings dispositional attributions

23. Attitudes, which predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, A) are situational attributions. B) are the roles we assume. C) are often influenced by our beliefs. D) result from cognitive dissonance.

24. On the first day of class, Tamara's professor gives brief and abrupt answers to students' questions. Tamara thinks that her new professor is rude. This ________ will likely influence her to act negatively toward her professor. A) role playing B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon C) situational attribution D) attitude

A) B) C) D)

25. Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates central route persuasion. peripheral route persuasion. the fundamental attributional error. cognitive dissonance.

A) B) C) D)

26. Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to be more durable. occur more rapidly. be more likely to influence behavior. involve a greater number of logical arguments.

27. Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates A) central route persuasion. B) cognitive dissonance. C) peripheral route persuasion. D) role playing.

28. Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate

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that A) B) C) D)

strong social pressure has very little influence on attitudes. attitudes and actions are always consistent. actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes. situations rarely influence actions and attitudes.

29. Darcy is in the market to buy a new car. The salesperson shows her the features of each car she is considering, explaining the pros and cons of purchasing each. The salesperson's strategy illustrates A) central route persuasion. B) cognitive dissonance. C) peripheral route persuasion. D) role playing.

A) B) C) D)

30. Attitudes are especially likely to affect behavior when the attitudes are implicit rather than explicit. external influences on behavior are minimal. the person has not publicly stated those attitudes. the attitudes differ from most other people's opinions.

A) B) C) D)

31. Whether a person exercises regularly is best predicted by his or her attitude about sports training. physical health. exercise. social loafing.

32. Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. Vanna is LEAST likely to steal the merchandise if she A) knows other people are watching. B) has been asked to get the necklace for her best friend. C) easily recalls her negative feelings about shoplifting. D) has recently shoplifted jewelry from several different stores.

A) B) C) D)

33. The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the fundamental attribution error. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. central route persuasion. peripheral route persuasion.

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A) B) C) D)

34. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to behave according to our feelings rather than our beliefs. change our attitude because it differs from our behavior. comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. attribute strangers' behavior to their personal dispositions.

35. When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of A) the fundamental attribution error. B) peripheral route persuasion. C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D) cognitive dissonance.

36. After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch “Be a Safe Driver” sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive “Drive Carefully” sign in their front yards. This best illustrates A) peripheral route persuasion. B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) cognitive dissonance.

37. Jackson agreed to Stanley's suggestion that they shoplift some video games. Later in the week, Jackson agreed to go along with Stanley's suggestion to steal a neighbor's expensive racing bike. Reflecting on what he had done, Jackson was surprised by his willingness to comply with Stanley's request. Jackson's experience illustrates A) cognitive dissonance. B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) central route persuasion.

38. Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will A) experience a substantial loss of self-esteem. B) develop an increasing dislike for his brother. C) experience a sense of cognitive dissonance. D) develop a great sense of admiration and respect for his brother.

39. The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best

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A) B) C) D)

described as a(n) cognitive dissonance. attribution. attitude. role.

40. After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes. A) cognitive dissonance B) peripheral route persuasion C) role playing D) dispositional attributions

41. Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of A) cognitive dissonance. B) peripheral route persuasion. C) attributions. D) role playing on attitudes.

42. In the Stanford Prison experiment, male college students volunteered to act either as guards or as prisoners. In only six days, the guards became cruel and degrading and the prisoners became passive, broke down, or rebelled, The psychologist who devised the study was A) Stanley Milgram. B) Solomon Asch. C) Leon Festinger. D) Philip Zimbardo.

43. Jonathan, as a new police officer, believed that his job was to help people in the community. His partner, who is an experienced officer, told Jonathan that being a good officer involved looking for any reason to arrest and detain others. Jonathan now spends his day trying to arrest as many people as possible. Based on the findings of Zimbardo's prison study, Jonathan's change in attitude about his job illustrates the impact of A) cognitive dissonance. B) peripheral route persuasion. C) attributions. D) role playing on attitudes.

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A) B) C) D)

44. The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called cognitive dissonance. an attribution. role playing. an attitude.

45. The brain regions that become active when people experience negative arousal also become active when they experience A) attributions. B) central route persuasion. C) cognitive dissonance. D) role playing.

A) B) C) D)

46. Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes? role-playing theory cognitive dissonance theory attribution theory attitude theory

47. Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory. A) cognitive dissonance B) role-playing C) attribution D) attitude

48. We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove. B) little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve. C) a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove. D) a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally approve. A)

49. Before Sonya left for college, she told her friend Lacy that she thought sororities were filled with snobs and that she would never consider joining one. During Sonya's first week on campus, a sorority member invited her to a social function and encouraged her

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A) B) C) D)

to pledge. After Sonya attended the party, she told Lacy, “Sororities do a lot of good things for the community. They're really service organizations.” Sonya's change in attitude illustrates cognitive dissonance theory role-playing theory attribution theory attitude theory

50. Tara has very strong opinions about a proposed tuition increase. However, when Tara becomes the student representative for the college board that proposed the raise in tuition, she develops a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why? A) attribution theory B) attitude theory C) cognitive dissonance theory D) role-playing theory

51. Chan decides to make a positive change in his life. Instead of going to work with a frown on his face, he will force himself to smile when he walks into work. According to ________, by altering his behavior Chan is likely to change his negative attitude about work. A) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon B) the attitudes-follow-behavior principle C) cognitive dissonance D) attribution theory

52. Although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our behavior, according to A) cognitive dissonance theory. B) the attitudes-follow-behavior principle. C) attribution theory. D) role-playing theory.

53. If a cluster of people stand staring at the sky, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates A) social facilitation. B) deindividuation. C) social loafing. D) the chameleon effect.

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54. Julius begins to yawn while he and his girlfriend are studying together. Soon his girlfriend and even his dog begin to yawn. This best illustrates A) the chameleon effect. B) social loafing. C) social facilitation. D) deindividuation.

A) B) C) D)

55. Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as group polarization. the chameleon effect. social facilitation. social loafing.

56. Hearing someone reading a neutral text in a happy-sounding voice is most likely to trigger A) group polarization. B) mood contagion. C) social loafing. D) deindividuation.

57. Marta is known for her sense of humor and joke telling. Even though her friends are down about their football team losing a game, as soon as Marta enters the room everyone begins to smile. This best illustrates A) groupthink. B) informational social influence. C) mood contagion. D) deindividuation.

58. Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others? A) deindividuation B) automatic mimicry C) social loafing D) social facilitation

59. We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates A) information social influence. B) mood linkage. C) deindividuation. D) social facilitation.

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60. Tom is in a bad mood because he has just lost his cell phone, but he decides to attend his friend's party anyhow. At the party, people are laughing and having a good time, so Tom immediately cheers up and joins the fun. Tom's emotional change is due to A) mood linkage. B) informational social influence. C) social facilitation. D) social loafing.

61. Alexandra is well liked by her friends, most likely because she mimics their gestures and seems to match their moods. Researchers would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of A) empathy. B) subjectivity. C) authenticity. D) prejudice.

62. Donnie's sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into his house Donnie starts smiling, even before she says something funny. This is caused by A) automatic mimicry. B) mood linkage. C) chameleon effect. D) All of these things cause him to start smiling.

A) B) C) D)

63. Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called groupthink. mood contagion. social loafing. conformity.

A) B) C) D)

64. Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of altruism. visual perception. learning. aggression.

65. Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines

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A) B) C) D)

only when the group was composed of at least six members. even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect. even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment. only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment.

66. Researchers find that conformity to the group is more likely when all of the following occur EXCEPT A) one is made to feel secure. B) one has not made a prior com...