Chapter 13 The Female Reproductive system PDF

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13.1 Word Parts of the female reproductive system Gynecology, External Cephalic presentation -babys head is downwards vagina

roots:

colp/o, vagin/o

examples:

colposcope, vaginitis

notes:

The word vagina comes from Latin and means the "sheath" or "scabbard of a sword."

vulva

roots:

episi/o, vulv/o

examples:

episiotomy, vulvodynia

notes:

Vulva is the term for the external genital organs of a female.

perineum

root:

perine/o

examples:

perineoplasty, perineorrhaphy

notes:

Perineum is the term for the region between the genital organs and the anus. No one is really sure where the term came from, but one easy way to remember what it means is to think peri (around) + anus = "region around the anus." It’s not 100 percent accurate, but it’s enough to help you remember.

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woman

roots:

gynec/o, gyn/o

examples:

gynecology, gynecologist

notes:

This root comes from Greek, for woman. If you are afraid of women, you have gynophobia. Believe it or not, this root is where the English words queen and goon come from.

breast

roots:

mast/o, mamm/o

examples:

mastopexy, mastectomy, mammogram

notes:

Believe it or not, the name of the mastodon, a long-extinct type of elephant similar to a mammoth, actually breaks down as mast (breast) and odon (tooth). The mastodon got its name from a scientist who thought that the animal’s molar teeth had nipple-like tops, which gave them the appearance of breasts.

milk

root:

lact/o

lactation, lactorrhea examples:

Womans inner repoructive system is shaped like a “T”. either side of the T are the ovaries. Roughly every 28 to 30 days a womans ovary will allow an egg to mature and then release it (ovulation). The ova travel along tubes (fallopian tubes) to the uterus.

Cervix is smaller and thicker than the rest of the uterus. cervix

root:

cervic/o

examples:

cervicodynia, cervicitis

uterus

roots:

hyster/o, metr/o, uter/o

examples:

hysterectomy, endometrium, uterus

pelvis

root:

pelv/i

examples:

pelvimetry, pelvic sonography

notes:

Pelvis comes from a Latin word meaning "basin" or "washtub" and refers to the shape of the bones that make up the pelvis. Another

root, pyelo, also means "pelvis," but this root is used exclusively for the portion of the kidney called the renal pelvis.

ovary

roots:

oophor/o, ovari/o

examples:

oophorectomy, ovariocentesis

notes:

Oophoro can be broken down into two words: oo, meaning "egg," and phor, meaning "to carry." Thus, oophorliterally means "the thing that carries the eggs."

menstruation

root:

men/o

examples:

menorrhea, menopause

notes:

Meno comes from Greek, for "month," and refers to the standard 28day recurrence of menstrual cycles. It is no wonder that in ancient Greece, Artemis was both the goddess who watched over young girls entering womanhood and the goddess associated with the moon, which goes through its phases roughly every 28 days.

fallopian tube

root:

salping/o

salpingectomy, salpingoscope examples: Latin for “trumpet”

sal-PING-goh-SKOHP

amnion

root:

amni/o

example:

amniocentesis

The amnion is the innermost membrane covering the fetus. Acts as a shock obsorber to protect the fetus. notes: Chorion helps anchor the baby to the walls of the uterus and provides nutrition.

pregnancy

suffix:

-cyesis

example:

pseudocyesis

notes:

Although women experience pregnancy firsthand, there is a documented medical condition called Couvade syndrome, or sympathetic pregnancy, in which a man experiences some of the symptoms of pregnancy, including weight gain, morning sickness, and, in some cases, labor “pains.”

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chorion

roots:

chori/o, chorion/o

example:

choriocarcinoma, chorionitis

notes:

The chorion is the outer membrane covering the fetus. It connects the fetus to the wall of the uterus.

labor

root:

toc/o

examples:

dystocia, tocograph

notes:

In the United States, there are more boy babies born than girl babies. For the past 60 years, the ratio has been about the same: 105 male births for every 100 female births. Also, according to some statistics, Tuesday is the most popular day to give birth. One more fun fact: Jimmy Carter was the first U.S. president to be born in a hospital.

fetus

root:

fet/o

example:

fetometry

notes:

Fetus is a Latin word that means "offspring." The Greek word is embryo.In current medical usage, a fetus is an unborn child after the eighth week of pregnancy. Before that time, it is referred to as an embryo. Before the fertilization of an egg, the sperm and egg are called gametes (Greek for "husband" and "wife"). Once they join, a separate, distinct, and genetically unique creature is created that is called a zygote (Greek for "joined together"). Once the unborn child becomes implanted in the wall of the uterus, it is called an embryo.

birth

roots:

part/o, nat/o

examples:

postpartum, neonatal

Baby is cared for by a neonatologist.

13.2 Subjective Pain in the vulva - vulvodynia Pain in the vagina- vaginodynia Pain in the breast- mastalgia Too frequent menses- metrorrhagia Too heavy menses- menorrhagia Too heavy and too frequent- metromenorrhagia Skipped periods- oligomenorrhea No period at all- amenorrhea Abnormal discharge good indicator of STI Water breaking- amniorrhea

gynecology

Term

Word Analysis

amenorrhea

a / meno

AY-men-oh-REE-ah

no / menstruation / discharge

/ rrhea

Definition no menstruation

colpostenosis KOL-poh-steh-NOH-sis

colpo / sten / osis

Definition narrowing in the vaginal opening

vagina / narrow / condition

dysmenorrhea

dys / meno

DIS-men-oh-REE-ah

bad / menstruation / discharge

/ rrhea

Definition painful menstruation

dyspareunia

dys / par

/ eun / ia

dis-pah-ROO-nee-ah

bad / alongside / couch / condition

Definition painful sexual intercourse

gynecomastia

gyneco / mast / ia

GAI-neh-koh-MAS-tee-a

woman

Definitiondevelopment of breast tissue in males

©Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Source

/ breast / condition

Note: This term applies to men and not women, but it is included in this chapter because of the root it uses.

hysteralgia

hyster / algia

HIS-ter-AL-jah

uterus / pain

Definition pain in the uterus

hysterodynia

hystero / dynia

HIS-ter-oh-DIH-nee-ah

uterus

/ pain

Definition pain in the uterus

leukorrhea

leuko / rrhea

LOO-koh-REE-ah

white / discharge

Definition white vaginal discharge

mastalgia

mast / algia

mas-TAL-jah

breast / pain

Definition breast pain

mastoptosis

masto / ptosis

MAS-top-TOH-sis

breast / drooping condition

Definition downward displacement (drooping) of the breast

menorrhagia

Page 817meno

/ rrhagia

MEN-oh-RAY-jah

menstruation / excessive discharge

Definition excessive menstrual flow

menorrhalgia MEN-oh-RAL-jah

meno / rrh

/ algia

Definition painful menstruation

uterus / discharge / pain

Note: The difference between the last two words is only one letter—but that one letter makes a bigdifference.

metromenorrhagia

metro / meno

/ rrhagia

MEH-troh-MEN-oh-RAY-jah

uterus / menstruation / excessive discharge

Definition excessive menstrual bleeding at irregular intervals

metrorrhagia

metro

MEH-troh-RAY-jah

uterus

/ rrhagia / excessive discharge

Definition menstrual bleeding at irregular times

oligomenorrhea

oligo / meno

AW-lih-goh-MEN-oh-REE-ah

few

/ menstruation / discharge

Definition infrequent or light menstrual periods

ovaralgia

ovar / algia

OH-var-AL-jah

ovary / pain

Definition pain of the ovaries

/ rrhea

Pain in the ovaries

ovarialgia

ovari / algia

oh-VAR-ee-AL-jah

ovary / pain

Definition pain of the ovaries Note: Both ovaralgia and ovarialgia are acceptable spellings and mean the same thing.

perineocele

perineo / cele

PER-ih-NEE-oh-seel

perineum / pouch / tumor / hernia

Definition hernia in the perineal region

polymenorrhea

poly / meno

PAW-lee-MEN-oh-REE-ah

many / menstruation / discharge

Definition menstrual periods occurring with greater-than-normal frequency

vaginodynia

vagino / dynia

VAJ-ih-noh-DIH-nee-ah

vagina / pain

Definition vaginal pain

vulvodynia

vulvo / dynia

/ rrhea

VUL-voh-DIH-nee-ah

vulva / pain

Definition pain in the vulva Page 818

obstetrics

Term

Word Analysis

amniorrhea

amnio / rrhea

AM-nee-oh-REE-ah

amnion / discharge

Definition discharge of amniotic fluid

amniorrhexis

amnio / rrhexis

AM-nee-oh-REK-sis

amnion / rupture

Definition rupture of the amniotic sac

Braxton Hicks contraction BRAKS-ton HIKS con-TRAK-shun

named after John Braxton Hicks, the doctor who first noted them, in 1872

Definition sporadic contractions of the uterine muscles of women not in labor; also known as false labor

contraction

from Latin, for "to draw together" or "shorten"

con-TRAK-shun Definition shortening or tightening of a muscle; during labor, the uterine muscles contract 13.3 Objective Physical exam of the female reproductive system includes breast exam, external genital exam, and a pelvic exam Most important part of the exam is the pelvic exam - Includes placing an instrument, a speculum, into the vagina to make it easier to visualize the cervix - Exam of the cervix- colposcopy (includes a pap smear) How the baby is positioned inside the mother- presentation gynecology

Term

Word Analysis

amastia

a / mast / ia

ay-MAS-tee-ah

no / breast / condition

Definition absence of breast

cervical dysplasia

cervic / al

dys / plasia

SER-vih-kal dis-PLAY-zhah

cervix / pertaining to bad / formation

Definition bad formation of cervical cells

colpoptosis

colpo / ptosis

KOL-pawp-TOH-sis

vagina / droop condition

Definition downward displacement of the vagina

episiostenosis

episio / sten

eh-PEE-zee-oh-stih-NOH-sis

vulva

/ osis

/ narrow / condition

Definition narrowing of the vulvar opening

hematosalpinx

hemato / salpinx

heh-MAT-oh-SAL-pinks

blood

/ fallopian tube

Definition blockage in a fallopian tube caused by blood

hydrosalpinx

hydro / salpinx

HAI-droh-SAL-pinks

water

/ fallopian tube

Definition blockage in a fallopian tube caused by water (or any clear fluid)

hypermastia

hyper / mast / ia

HAI-per-MAS-tee-ah

over

Definition excessively large breasts Note: This term can also refer to an abnormal number of breasts.

/ breast / condition

hypomastia

hypo / mast / ia

HAI-poh-MAS-tee-ah

under / breast / condition

Definition abnormally small breasts

hysteroptosis

hystero / ptosis

HIS-ter-awp-TOH-sis

uterus

/ drooping condition

Definition downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina

macromastia

macro / mast / ia

MAK-roh-MAS-tee-ah

big

/ breast / condition

Definition abnormally large breasts

micromastia

micro / mast / ia

MAI-kroh-MAS-tee-ah

small

/ breast / condition

Definition abnormally small breasts

oophorocystosis

oophoro / cyst / osis

OH-aw-FOR-oh-SIS-toh-sis

ovary

Definition ovarian cysts

pyosalpinx

pyo / salpinx

/ cyst / condition

PAI-oh-SAL-pinks

pus / fallopian tube

Definition blockage in a fallopian tube caused by pus

uterine prolapse

uter / ine

pro / lapse

YOO-ter-in PROH-laps

uterus / pertaining to forward / fall

Definition downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina

gynecology—diagnostic procedures

Term

Word Analysis

colposcope

Page 825colpo / scope

KOL-poh-SKOHP

vagina / instrument to look

Definition instrument used to examine the vagina

colposcopy

colpo / scopy

kol-PAW-skoh-pee

vagina / looking procedure

Definition procedure for examining the vagina

hysteroscope

hystero / scope

HIS-ter-oh-SKOHP

uterus

/ instrument to look

Definition instrument for examining the uterus

hysteroscopy

hystero / scopy

HIS-ter-AW-skoh-pee

uterus

/ looking procedure

Definition procedure for examining the uterus

Pap smear

named after the inventor of the procedure, Dr. Georgios Papanicolaou

PAP SMEER Definition test used to detect cancer cells, most commonly in the cervix

vaginoscope

vagino / scope

VAJ-ih-noh-SKOHP

vagina

/ instrument to look

Definition instrument used to examine the vagina

gynecology—professional terms

Term

Word Analysis

endometrium

endo / metr / ium

Definition painful menstruation

uterus / discharge / pain

Note: The difference between the last two words is only one letter—but that one letter makes a bigdifference.

metromenorrhagia

metro / meno

/ rrhagia

MEH-troh-MEN-oh-RAY-jah

uterus / menstruation / excessive discharge

Definition excessive menstrual bleeding at irregular intervals

metrorrhagia

metro

MEH-troh-RAY-jah

uterus

Definition menstrual bleeding at

/ rrhagia / excessive discharge

irregular times

oligomenorrhea

oligo / meno

AW-lih-goh-MEN-oh-REE-ah

few

/ menstruation / discharge

Definition infrequent or light menstrual periods

ovaralgia

ovar / algia

OH-var-AL-jah

ovary / pain

Definition pain of the ovaries

/ rrhea

Pain in the ovaries

ovarialgia

ovari / algia

oh-VAR-ee-AL-jah

ovary / pain

Definition pain of the ovaries Note: Both ovaralgia and ovarialgia are acceptable spellings and mean the same thing.

perineocele

perineo / cele

PER-ih-NEE-oh-seel

perineum / pouch / tumor / hernia

Definition hernia in the perineal region

polymenorrhea

poly / meno

PAW-lee-MEN-oh-REE-ah

many / menstruation / discharge

Definition menstrual periods occurring with greater-than-normal frequency

vaginodynia

vagino / dynia

VAJ-ih-noh-DIH-nee-ah

vagina / pain

/ rrhea

Definition vaginal pain

vulvodynia

vulvo / dynia

VUL-voh-DIH-nee-ah

vulva / pain

Definition pain in the vulva Page 818

obstetrics

Term

Word Analysis

amniorrhea

amnio / rrhea

AM-nee-oh-REE-ah

amnion / discharge

Definition discharge of amniotic fluid

amniorrhexis

amnio / rrhexis

AM-nee-oh-REK-sis

amnion / rupture

Definition rupture of the amniotic sac

Braxton Hicks contraction BRAKS-ton HIKS con-TRAK-shun

named after John Braxton Hicks, the doctor who first noted them, in 1872

Definition sporadic contractions of the uterine muscles of women not in labor; also known as false labor

contraction

from Latin, for "to draw together" or "shorten"

con-TRAK-shun Definition shortening or tightening of a muscle; during labor, the uterine muscles contract 13.3 Objective Physical exam of the female reproductive system includes breast exam, external genital exam, and a pelvic exam Most important part of the exam is the pelvic exam - Includes placing an instrument, a speculum, into the vagina to make it easier to visualize the cervix - Exam of the cervix- colposcopy (includes a pap smear) How the baby is positioned inside the mother- presentation

gynecology

Term

Word Analysis

amastia

a / mast / ia

ay-MAS-tee-ah

no / breast / condition

Definition absence of breast

cervical dysplasia

cervic / al

dys / plasia

SER-vih-kal dis-PLAY-zhah

cervix / pertaining to bad / formation

Definition bad formation of cervical cells

colpoptosis

colpo / ptosi...