Chapter 14: Methods of Therapy PDF

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Chapter 14: Methods of Therapy ● Types of Psychotherapy: a verbal form of therapy derived from a psychological framework that consists of one or more treatment sessions with a therapist. Form of treatment used to help people better understand their emotional or behavioral problems and resolve them. ○ Psychodynamic Therapy: based on the belief that insight into unresolved psychological conflicts originating in childhood can help people overcome psychological problems ■ Psychoanalysis: Freud’s method of psychotherapy; it focuses on uncovering and working through unconscious conflicts he believed were at the root of psychological problems.A belief that unconscious conflicts originating in childhood give rise to psychological problems. ● Define resistance: In psychoanalysis, the blocking that occurs when therapy touches upon anxiety-evoking thoughts or feelings underlying conflicts or issues. ○ Humanistic Therapy: emphasize subjective, conscious experience and development of one’s unique potential. Believe that human beings possess free will and can make conscious choices that enrich their lives. Emphasize the change that occurs in the present. ■ Client-centered therapy: “people-centered therapy”, Roger. Focused on the exploration of the self. Seek to create a warm and accepting therapeutic environment in which clients feel safe to explore their innermost feelings and become more accepting of their true selves. ■ Gestalt therapy: fritz perls. Believed that therapists should help clients blend the conflicting parts of their personalities into an integrated whole or “gestalt”. Take a direct and even confrontational approach in helping clients get in touch with their underlying feelings. Challenge clients to express how they are feeling at each moment in time- in here and now. ○ Behavioral Therapy: “behavior modification” involves the systematic application of learning principles to weaken undesirable behaviors and strengthen adaptive behaviors. Believe that psychological problems are largely learned and thus can be unlearned. Behavior problems and address the present situation ■

Fear reduction ● Systematic desensitization: treating phobias through the pairing of exposure in imagination to fear-inducing stimuli and states of deep relaxation. The client is first trained in the skills needed to deeply relax the muscle in the body. ●

Gradual exposure: treating phobias based indirect exposure

to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli. (real-life exposure) ■ Aversive conditioning: A form of behavior therapy in which stimuli associated with undesirable behavior are paired with aversive stimuli to create a negative response to these stimuli. Applies principles of classical conditioning to create an unpleasant response to stimuli associated with undesirable behaviors. Uses electric shock or a nausea-inducing drug. ■ Cognitive-behavioral therapy: CBT: a form of therapy that combines behavioral and cognitive treatment techniques focus on helping clients recognize and correct faulty beliefs and ways of thinking. ○ Cognitive Therapy: focus on helping people change how they think. Their techniques are based on the view that distorted or faulty ways of thinking underlie emotional problems as well as self-defeating or maladaptive behaviors. ■ Rational emotive behavioral therapy: REBT: Developed by Albert Ellis, a form of therapy based on identifying and correcting irrational beliefs that are thought to underlie emotional and behavioral difficulties. Irrational or illogical thinking is at the root of emotional problems. The therapist must teach the client to recognize these irrational beliefs and replace them with logical, self-enhancing beliefs. ■ Cognitive therapy: Developed by Aaron Beck, a form of therapy that helps clients recognize and correct distorted patterns of thinking associated with negative emotional states. Help people identify and correct errors in thinking and replace them with rational alternatives. Life experience is the root of negative emotional states like depression. Focuses on helping clients identify and correct distorted thoughts and beliefs that have no basis have no basis in reality. ○ Group(clients are treated within a group format. Less costly, particularly helpful for people experience interpersonal problems and benefit from interacting with supportive others in a group treatment program.), Family(Therapy for troubled families that focuses on changing disruptive patterns of communication and improving the ways in which family members relate to each other.), and Couples Therapy(Therapy that focuses on helping distressed couples resolve their conflicts and develop more effective communication skills. ) ■

What is the unit of treatment in each of these therapies?

Group: a small group of people to help them explore and work through their psychological problems. Family is the unit of treatment. The couple is the unit ○ Eclectic Therapy: A therapeutic approach that draws upon principles and techniques representing different schools of therapy. Learn through experience the value of drawing upon different points of view. ○

Multicultural issues

■ How can clinicians be culturally sensitive?: need to respect and work to understand the customs, cultures, and values of their clients. ○ Effectiveness of psychotherapy?: psychotheraphy works, similar effects sizes across different schools of theraphy, some therapeutic models work better with certain disorders, growing empasis on using evidence-based treatments ●

Biomedical Therapies ○ Psychotropic medications: psychiatric drugs used in the treatment of psychological or mental disorders ■ Antianxiety drugs: drugs that combat anxiety. Help quell anxiety, induce calmness and reduce muscle tension. ● What are their effects biologically (e.g. why do they work?): Gamma-aminobutyric acid is an inhibitory neurotransmitter meaning it inhibits the flow of nerve impulses and prevent neurons in the brain from overly exciting their neighbors. ■ Antidepressants: Drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters. ● What are their effects biologically (e.g. why do they work?): increase levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin ■ Antipsychotics: Drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders that help alleviate hallucinations and delusional thinking. Powerful drugs used to treat schizophrenia ● What are their effects biologically (e.g. why do they work?): , making it possible to control more flagrant symptoms of the disorder like hallucinations and delusions. Block the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine at receptor sites in the brain. ○ What is electroconvulsive shock therapy used for?: ECT: A form of therapy for severe depression that involves the administration of an electrical shock to the head. A jolt of electricity is passed through the patient’s head. It is strong enough to cause convulsions similar to those of a grand mal epileptic seizure. Yet it often produces dramatic relief from severe depression and can be a lifesaver for people who are suicidally depressed. When receiving ECT, the patient is first anesthetized to prevent any pain or discomfort. Muscle relaxants are used to prevent injuries that may result from the convulsive jerking that ensues. The person awakens shortly afterward, with no memory of the procedure. ECT typically involves a series of 6 to 12 treatments over several weeks. ○

Community-based care ■ Why was there a need for reform in mental hospitals?: the hope to provide people suffering from schizophrenia or other severe and

persistent psychological disorder with alternatives to long-term hospitalizations. (offers the hope that mental patients can be reintegrated into society) ■ Effectiveness of deinstitutionalization(a policy od reducing the population of mental hospitals by shifting care from inpatient facilities to community-based outpatient facilities)?: backward of many hospitals were largely vacated. Many states mental hospitals were closed entirely and were replaced by community-based mental health centers and residential treatment facilities....