Chapter 15 Europe Transformed PDF

Preview

Summary

Professor Womack, Duiker and Spielvogel 9th Edition Textbook powerpoint notes ...

Description

Chapter 15: Europe Transformed Wednesday, January 9, 2019

5:22 PM

15-1 The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Focus Question: What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism, and how did they differ from each other and from Catholicism? Protestant Reformation: the religious reform movement that divided the Western Christian church into Catholic and Protestant groups • Background to the Reformation ○ During the period before the Reformation, there was growth of state power and social change. This period was known as the Renaissance. Growth of State Power ○ New monarchies: especially France, England, and Spain at the end of the 15th century § Concentration of royal authority § Suppression of the nobility § Control of the church § Seeking new sources of revenue ○ Renaissance period marks a significant expansion of centralized royal authority and a new preoccupation with the acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power. Social Changes in the Renaissance ○ First Estate: Clergy ○ Second Estate: landholding nobles ○ Third Estate: Mostly peasants; 85-90% of European population ○ By 15th century, Renaissance towns more l

•

complex § Patricians § Petty burghers § Landless workers: 30-40% of urban population Impact of Printing ○ Movable type, 1445-1450: Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz ○ Gutenberg's Bible (1455 or 56) ○ Book printing boom and new reading public Prelude to Reformation ○ Christian humanism, or northern Renaissance humanism ○ Philosophy of daily life over medieval dogmatism ○ Criticizes abuse of Church Church and Religion on the eve of the Reformation ○ Julius II: warrior pope ○ Relics and indulgences ○ Revival of religious piety Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany ○ Martin Luther (1483-1546); monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg ○ "justification by faith" and rejection of good works ○ The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) ○ By 1520, called on German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and established reformed church ○ Excommunicated 1521 ○ Protected by Fredrick of Saxony ○ Spread movement ○ Peasant's War: 1524. Luther sides with princes ○ Politics and Religion in the German Reformation § Charles V elected Holy Roman Emperor, unable to contain Lutheran princes

•

princes § 1555: Peace of Augsburg The Spread of the Protestant Reformation ○ Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) § Abolition of relics and images ○ Calvin and Calvinism § Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) □ Adhered to doctrine of justification by faith alone □ Predestination of the sovereignty of God § Calvin's Geneva □ Vibrant center of Protestantism ○ The English Reformation § Marital troubles of Henry VIII (1509-1547) □ Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn ○ 1534: Church of England (Anglican Church) breaks with Rome; the Act of Supremacy ○ Edward VI (1547-1553) § Protestant reforms ○ Mary (1553-1558); "Bloody Mary" § Attempted to restore Catholicism ○ The Anabaptists § Radical reformers § Ideas: □ Church was a voluntary association of believers □ Adult baptism □ Return to practices of early Christianity □ Strict separation of church and state § Opposed by other Protestants and Catholics ○ The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation § New view of the family

New view of the family □ Family at the center of human life ® "Mutual love between man and wife" The Catholic Reformation ○ A Reformed Papacy § Pope Paul II (1534-1549) □ Reform commission (1537) □ Recognized Jesuits □ Summoning of the Council of Trent ○ The Council of Trent § Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings □ Scripture and tradition □ Faith and good works □ Purgatory and indulgences maintained □ Sale of indulgences prohibited § Inaugurates new phases in the history of the Roman Catholic Church §

•

15-2 Europe in Crisis, 1560-1650 •

Politics and the Wars of Religion in the 16th Century • The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) ○ The Huguenots (French Calvinists) were 7% of population but 40-50% of French nobility, including the house of Bourbon ○ Threats to monarchical power ○ Henry IV of Navarre (r. 1589-1610) § Converted to Catholicism § Edict of Nantes • Philip II and Militant Catholicism ○ Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598): militant catholic ○ "Holy League" against Turkish fleet: Battle of Lepanto (1571) ○ Attempts to consolidate control over Spanish Netherlands

○

§ Widened to include European powers § Mainly fought on German soil § Bourbons vs. Habsburgs § Peace of Westphalia Was There a Military Revolution? § Science of warfare between 1560 and 1650: pikes and halberds, firearms make cavalry less effective § King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden □ Conscripts and a more mobile military § Linear formation § Bigger warships

15-3 Response to Crisis: The Practice of Absolutism •

-

-

•

France under Louis XIV ○ Ruled from 1642-1715 ○ Best example of absolute or divine-right monarchy Political institutions ○ Centralization of power in Versailles ○ Nobles and princes taken out of royal councils and brought into court ○ Highly ritualized court life ○ Control of policymaking ○ Bribery in provinces The Economy and Military ○ Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683): mercantilist reforms ○ Development of a professional army ○ Louis XIV waged four wars between 1667-1713, leaving France impoverished and surround with enemies Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe ○ Prussia § Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) § Standing army and General War Commissariat § Relationship with nobles (Junkers) ○ Austria § Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors □ Thirty Years' War losses □ Mew multinational empire in eastern and southeastern Europe; never became highly centralized

15-4 England and Limited Monarchy

•

•

•

Conflict between King and Parliament ○ King James I (r. 1603-1625) § Support of the divine right of kings alienated Parliament § The Puritans (many of whom served in the house of Commons) angry about his strong defense of Anglican Church § Succeeded by son Charles I (r. 1625-1629) □ More hostilities between Parliament and divine-right monarchy Civil War and Commonwealth ○ Civil War (1642-1648) in England § Parliament's success against the king § New Model Army and Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) § The execution of Charles I (Jan. 30, 1649) § Military dictatorship under Cromwell Restoration and a Glorious Revolution ○ Return to monarchy: Charles II (r. 1660-1685) § Declaration of Indulgence (1672) □ Suspended laws against Catholics and Puritans □ Parliament forced king to suspend declaration ○ Accession of James II (r. 1685-1688) § Devout Catholic; supported Catholic interests § Protestant daughters Mary and Anne superseded by a Catholic son, born 1688 ○ 1689: English noblemen invite William of Orange to invade England § James II flees to France § "Glorious Revolution" § Parliament offers throne to Mary and William of Orange § Bill of Rights § Limited (constitutional) monarchy

15-5 The Flourishing of European Culture •

A Golden Age of Literature in England ○ Writing for stage reaches new heights: 1580-1640 ○ Elizabethan era: exuberance and pride ○ William Shakespeare (1564-1614) § Shakespeare: a "complete man of the theater" § Actor and shareholder in Lord Chamberlain's Company § Psychology and understanding of human condition...