Chapter 15 PDF

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Exam Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 15.1

Using Figure 15.1, match the following: 1) Ganglion cells. Answer: E 2) Bipolar cells. Answer: C 3) Horizontal cell. Answer: A 4) Amacrine cell. Answer: D 5) Rod. Answer: B

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Figure 15.2

Using Figure 15.2, match the following: 6) Protects and shapes the eyeball; provides a sturdy anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles. Answer: A 7) Blood vessels that supply nutrition to most of the eyes' structures (excluding the lens and cornea). Answer: B 8) Contains only cones; provides detailed color vision. Answer: D 9) Lacks photoreceptors; where optic nerve exits the eye. Answer: E 10) Consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer. Answer: C

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Figure 15.3

Using Figure 15.3, match the following:

11) Acts as a reflexively activated diaphragm to vary pupil size. Answer: C 12) The only tissue in the body that can be transplanted from one person to another with little or no rejection. Answer: B 13) Controls lens shape. Answer: A 14) Viscous liquid that holds the retina firmly against the pigmented layer. Answer: E 15) Increased pressure here causes glaucoma. Answer: D

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Figure 15.4

Using Figure 15.4, match the following: 16) Auricle. Answer: A 17) Tympanic membrane. Answer: E 18) Stapes. Answer: C 19) Semicircular canals. Answer: B 20) Cochlea. Answer: D 21) Balance organ. Answer: B 22) Houses organ of Corti. Answer: D

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following: 23) The sensory layer of the eye.

A) Retina

Answer: A B) Aqueous humor 24) The structure most responsible for focusing light rays that enter the eye.

C) Fovea centralis

Answer: D 25) Helps maintain the intraocular pressure; located in the anterior part of the eye.

D) Lens

Answer: B 26) Area of greatest visual acuity. Answer: C Match the following: 27) Ear stones.

A) Otoliths

Answer: A B) Tympanic membrane 28) Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx.

C) Vestibule

Answer: D D) Pharyngotympanic tube 29) Separates external acoustic meatus from the middle ear. Answer: B 30) Contains utricle and saccule. Answer: C 31) Detects linear acceleration. Answer: C Match the following: 32) A condition that can result from a deficiency of vitamin A.

A) Night blindness

Answer: A

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33) A condition of deafness that may result from otosclerosis. Answer: B 34) An inflammation of the lining of the middle ear.

A) Otitis media B) Conduction deafness C) Glaucoma

Answer: A 35) A condition often leading to blindness due to chronic persistent intraocular pressure. Answer: C Match the following: 36) Hair cells receptive to changes in dynamic equilibrium are found in this structure.

A) Macula B) Spiral organ (of Corti)

Answer: E 37) Chemically sensitive microvilli found in this structure.

C) Olfactory epithelium D) Tympanic membrane

Answer: F 38) Hair cells receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure. Answer: A 39) Chemically sensitive cilia are found in this structure.

E) Crista ampullaris F) Taste buds G) Cochlear duct H) Vestibule

Answer: C 40) Houses the spiral organ (of Corti). Answer: G 41) The receptor organ for hearing. Answer: B 42) The central part of the bony labyrinth. Answer: H 43) A membrane that transmits sound vibrations to the auditory ossicles. Answer: D

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Match the following: 44) Loss of hearing resulting from prolonged exposure to high- intensity sounds.

A) Sensorineural deafness B) Conduction deafness

Answer: A C) Tinnitus 45) Can result from the fusion of the auditory ossicles. Answer: B 46) A possible side effect of medications such as aspirin. Answer: C 47) One of the most common results of otitis media. Answer: B 48) Can result from impacted cerumen. Answer: B TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

49) The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected over the anterior surface of the eyeball is the conjunctiva. Answer:

True

False

50) Vitamin A needed by the photoreceptor cells is stored by the cells of the retina pigmented layer. Answer:

True

False

51) Static equilibrium involves the sensation of linear acceleration as well as changes in head rotation. Answer:

True

False

52) The optic disc forms a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. Answer:

True

False

53) Sour taste receptors are stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances. Answer:

True

False

54) The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth is called perilymph. Answer:

True

False

55) Precision of eye movement is due to the fact that extrinsic eye muscle motor units typically innervate 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases as few as 2 or 3 muscle cells. Answer:

True

False

56) Ciliary muscles are considered voluntary, skeletal muscle. Answer:

True

False

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57) The structure that allows equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure is the external auditory meatus. Answer:

True

False

58) The bending of light rays is called reflection. Answer:

True

False

59) The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor. Answer:

True

False

60) The neural layer of the retina prevents excessive scattering of light within the eye. Answer:

True

False

61) In order for sound to reach the spiral organ (of Corti), the auditory ossicles must vibrate the oval window and set the endolymph in motion. Answer:

True

False

62) Sound is generally perceived in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. Answer:

True

False

63) Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors. Answer:

True

False

64) Without a functioning crista ampullaris, the semicircular canals would not function. Answer:

True

False

65) Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less. Answer:

True

False

66) Theoretically, an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by bone conduction with a hearing aid. Answer:

True

False

67) When we move from darkness to bright light, retinal sensitivity is lost, but visual acuity is gained. Answer:

True

False

68) The function of the lens of the eye is to allow precise focusing of light on the retina. Answer:

True

False

69) Odorants must be volatile to be smelled. Answer:

True

False

70) Hair cells in the spiral organ of the ear are never replaced. Answer:

True

False

71) The quality of a sound is based on the atmospheric pressure at the time the sound is generated. Answer:

True

False

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

72) Nutrients are delivered and waste products are carried away from the cells of the posterior segment of the eye by blood vessels. However, the cells in the cornea and lens (in the anterior segment) are avascular. Which is the best explanation for how these cells are maintained? A) The aqueous humor is continuously replenished and flows from the ciliary process to drain in the scleral venous sinus. B) The nutrients and waste products of the anterior segment diffuse into and through the vitreous humor of the posterior segment. C) These cells, like the cells of the corneal layer of the integument are not living cells. D) The metabolic activity of these cells is very low. They produce little waste and need few nutrients. Answer: A 73) In a person who is color- blind, which of the following would you most expect to see? A) absence of green or red cones in their foveae B) an inability to regenerate 11- cis- retinal after bleaching C) a loss of their peripheral vision D) a loss of functions in the rods of their retina Answer: A 74) Which of the following is the best explanation of why it is difficult to discriminate the color of an object at night A) At night, dilation of pupils stimulates the retina, where more rods are located rather than cones. B) The foveae are densely packed with cones. C) Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. D) As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell. Answer: A 75) Which of the following best describes the function of the iris? A) gives the eye its color B) refracts light through the pupil C) controls amount of light entering eye D) adjusts the shape of the lens Answer: C 76) Which of the following is the best explanation for our perception of color? A) As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell. B) The foveae are densely packed with cones. C) Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. D) Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Answer: D 77) The elasticity of the lens decreases with age. This leads to which of the following? A) less accommodation of the lenses and difficulty focusing on nearby objects B) lowered accommodation of the pupillary reflex and blurry vision C) less light getting to the retina and diminished visual acuity D) a clouding of the lenses known as a cataract Answer: A 78) Paralysis of which eye muscle would prevent the right eye from looking to the left? A) Medial rectus B) Inferior rectus C) Superior rectus Answer: A

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D) Lateral rectus

79) Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes ________. A) leaves a blind spot anterior to the nose and in the lateral fields of vision B) gives us higher visual acuity for small detail by doubling the number of photoreceptors that are being stimulated C) is essentially a waste of brain processing for what is essentially the same image D) allows us to subconsciously estimate the distance of objects based on the different angles the image strikes our two retinas Answer: D 80) If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The best explanation for this is ________. A) information from one eye is directly and immediately transferred to the other eye to maintain alignment o the eyes B) a small portion of light always enters the other eye C) sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain D) This, in fact, does not occur; information from both eyes is always separated. Answer: C 81) Select the statement below that is NOT true with regards to the process of light adaptation. A) Rhodopsin is uncoupled from light transduction. B) Visual acuity is diminished. C) Retinal sensitivity decreases. D) The activity of rods is reduced by rapid bleaching of rhodopsin. Answer: B 82) Humans can see several thousand shades of color but have cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to only three (perhaps four) wavelengths of light. What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors? A) Color perception is dependent on the millions of rods as well as cone photoreceptors. B) Shades of color are purely psychological and learned by association with age, infants only seeing in black and white. C) Colors are added and enhanced in the primary visual cortex of the brain. D) Color perception is achieved by activation of various combinations between the three cone types. Answer: D 83) Color vision has much greater resolution than night vision (vision that is mostly in shades of gray). Which of th following is the best explanation for why this is so? A) There are several types of cone photoreceptors, each of which enrich the clarity and resolution of vision. B) A single cone photoreceptor often connects to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell while as many as 100 rods will converge to a single ganglion cell. C) There are many more cone photoreceptors in the eye than rod photoreceptors. D) A larger proportion of the brain's visual cortex is active during the day when our cone photoreceptors are most active. Answer: B

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84) Humans can smell as many as 10,000 different odors but have significantly fewer types of olfactory receptors. Which of the following is the best explanation for why humans can distinguish so many smells? A) Taste receptors that are active at the same time influence the subtlety of what we smell. B) The sensation of a single, distinct smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells all at once. C) The belief that we can smell so many different distinct odors is a psychological process referred to as an uncinate fit or olfactory hallucination. D) The olfactory pathway travels to location in the brain in which memories are formed and we simply mix this new sensory information with old memories. Answer: B 85) As light travels through the eye, it passes through several structures or chambers before reaching the retina. Which list below gives those structures in the correct order? A) cornea, pupil, lens, anterior chamber, posterior segment B) cornea, lens, pupil, anterior chamber, posterior segment C) cornea, pupil, anterior chamber, lens, posterior segment D) cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, lens, posterior segment Answer: D 86) Labyrinthitis is a medical condition often caused by a viral infection, resulting in swelling and inflammation of the membranous labyrinth. Which of the following symptoms would you most associate with the condition of labyrinthitis? A) loss of hearing B) auditory hallucination C) loss of balance and dizziness D) ringing in the ears (tinnitus) Answer: C 87) The sensation of loudness or the volume of a sound is detected by ________. A) faster vibration of the basilar membrane resulting in a higher frequency of hair cell stimulation B) vibration along a greater length of the basilar membrane, stimulating a greater number of hair cells C) greater movement of the basilar membrane resulting in greater deflection of the hair cells D) sounds that can travel all the way to the apex of the scala vestibule with enough energy remaining to deflect hair cells Answer: C 88) A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear. Which of the following is likely to be a result? A) The patient will have increased sensitivity to sound in the unaffected ear. B) The patient will not be able to localize the origin of sounds. C) The patient will not be able to track objects with the eye on the same side as the hearing loss. D) The patient will have a loss of balance with dizziness and vertigo. Answer: B

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89) Dancers will use a technique called "spotting" when they perform spins of the body. By holding their head and eyes on a fixed point in front of them as their body spins they reduce the amount of head spinning and this prevents dizziness. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why this works? A) This will help to reduce the lateral flection of the head and will prevent hyper polarization or depolarization of the hair cells in the macula. B) When the eyes send a static vision of stability to the brain, it is tricked into believing the body is still and therefore dizziness will not occur. C) Reducing the inertia of head spin will reduce the flow of endolymph that deflects the hair cells of the crista ampullaris. D) This helps keep the motions detected by the eyes congruent (aligned) with the motions sensed by the vestibular apparatus. Answer: C 90) Tom is a 45- year- old male that has lost his ability to hear high frequency sounds. The most likely explanation for this would be ________. A) a perforated tympanic membrane B) a middle ear infection C) an overgrowth of bony tissue, fusing the ossicles together D) damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct Answer: D 91) What is the main function of the rods in the eye? A) accommodation for near vision C) vision in dim light

B) color vision D) depth perception

Answer: C 92) What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? A) cornea B) aqueous humor C) iris

D) lens

Answer: C 93) Receptors for hearing are located in the ________. A) tympanic membrane C) semicircular canals

B) cochlea D) vestibule

Answer: B 94) Which of the following types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? A) retinal bipolar cells B) retinal ganglion cells C) auditory outer and inner hair cells D) olfactory receptor cells Answer: D 95) Bitter taste is elicited by ________. A) metal ions B) hydrogen ions

C) alkaloids

Answer: C 96) The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________. A) macula C) cochlear duct

B) semicircular canals D) utricle

Answer: A

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D) acids

97) The ability to clearly see objects at a distance but not close up is properly called ________. A) myopia B) hyperopia C) hypopia D) presbyopia Answer: B 98) Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________. A) skin B) ears C) eye

D) nose

Answer: C 99) Which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear? A) external acoustic meatus B) pinna C) tympanic membrane D) pharyngotympanic tube Answer: D 100) Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye ________. A) go to the superior colliculus only B) divide at the chiasma, with some crossing and some not crossing C) pass posteriorly without crossing over at the chiasma D) cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma Answer: D 101) Ordinarily, it is NOT possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________. A) has no nerve supply B) is not a living tissue C) has no blood supply D) does not contain connective tissue Answer: C 102) The oval window is connected directly to which passageway? A) scala vestibuli B) pharyngotympanic tube C) scala tympani D) external acoustic meatus Answer: A 103) There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? A) bipolar cells B) cone cells C) rod cells D) ganglion cells Answer: D 104) The first "way station" in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partial crossover of the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the ________. A) lateral geniculate body of the thalamus B) temporal lobe C) visual cortex D) superior colliculi Answer: A 105) As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), ________. A) inner hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium B) outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane C) inner hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane D) outer hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium Answer: B

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106) Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? A) The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli. B) Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes. C) In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. D) All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation. Answer: B 107) Taste buds a...