Chapter 15 PDF

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Summary

Chapter 15...

Description

Chapter 15 Major Headings

Including

Major Headings

Including

Basic Diagnostic Procedures

Vital signs Auscultation Palpation and percussion Basic examination instruments

Examination Positions

Recumbent positions Sims’ position Knee–chest position Lithotomy position

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests Urinalysis

Endoscopy

Endoscopes

Centesis

Diagnostic procedures involving the removal of body fluids

Imaging Techniques

Radiography Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Fluoroscopy Ultrasonography

Nuclear Medicine

Nuclear medicine

Pharmacology

Prescription and over-the-counter drugs Generic and brand-name drugs Terminology related to pharmacology Medications for pain management Methods of drug administration

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Alternative medicine Complementary medicin

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albumin/o albumin, protein calc/i calcium, lime, the heel -centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid creatin/o creatinine glycos/o glucose, sugar -graphy the process of producing a picture or record hemat/o blood, relating to the blood lapar/o abdomen, abdominal wall -otomy cutting, surgical incision phleb/o vein radi/o radiation, x-rays -scope instrument for visual examination -scopy visual examination

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son/o sound -uria urination, urine

acetaminophen An analgesic that reduces pain and fever, but does not relieve inflammation. Acupuncture A traditional Chinese medical practice using thin needles inserted into specific points of the body. Albuminuria The presence of the protein albumin in the urine; a sign of impaired kidney function. Analgesic The class of drugs that relieves pain without affecting consciousness. Antipyretic Medication administered to prevent or reduce fever. Arthrocentesis The surgical puncture of a joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis. Auscultation Listening through a stethoscope for sounds within the body Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine. Bruit An abnormal sound heard during auscultation of an artery. Calciuria The abnormal presence of calcium in the urine. Compliance The patient's consistency and accuracy in following the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health care professional. computed tomography A thin fan-shaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body. Contraindication A factor in a patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised. Creatinuria An increased concentration of creatinine in the urine. Echocardiography An ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart. Endoscope A small flexible tube with a light and a lens on the end. Fluoroscopy An imaging technique used to visualize body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen. Glycosuria The presence of glucose in the urine.

Hematocrit The percentage, by volume, of a blood sample occupied by red blood cells. Hematuria The presence of blood in the urine. Hyperthermia An extremely high fever. Hypothermia An abnormally low body temperature. idiosyncratic reaction An unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to an individual. interventional radiology The use of radiographic imaging to guide a procedure such as a biopsy. intradermal injection The administration of medication by injection into the middle layers of the skin. intramuscular injection The administration of medication by injection directly into muscle tissue. intravenous injection The administration of medication by injection directly into a vein. Ketonuria The presence of ketones in the urine. LaparoscopyThe visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope lithotomy position An examination position in which the patient is lying on the back with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups. magnetic resonance imaging An imaging technique that uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body; also known as MRI. Ophthalmoscope An instrument used to examine the interior of the eye. Otoscope An instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane. Palliative A substance that eases the pain or severity of the symptoms of a disease but does not cure it. Parenteral Taken into the body, or administered, in a manner other than through the digestive tract. Percussion A diagnostic procedure to determine the density of a body area that uses the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers.

Perfusion The flow of blood through an organ. Pericardiocentesis A surgical puncture to draw fluid from the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid. Phlebotomy The puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood; also known as venipuncture. Placebo An inactive substance that is given only for its suggestive effects. positron emission tomography An imaging technique that combines tomography with radionuclide tracers to produce enhanced images of selected body organs or areas. prone position An examination position in which the patient is lying on the abdomen with the face down. Proteinuria The presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine. Pyuria The presence of pus in the urine. RadiolucentA substance that allows x-rays to pass through and appears black or dark gray on the resulting film. Radiopaque A substance that does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film. Rales Abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard through a stethoscope during inspiration. Recumbent Any position in which the patient is lying down. This can be on the back, front, or side. Rhonchi Coarse rattling breath sounds that are somewhat like snoring. Sims’ position An examination position in which the patient is lying on the left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up and the left arm placed along the back. single photon emission computed tomography A type of nuclear imaging test that produces 3D computer-reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissues and organs. Speculum An instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to facilitate inspection of its interior. Sphygmomanometer An instrument used to measure blood pressure Stethoscope An instrument used to listen to sounds within the body.

Stridor An abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat or in the larynx (voice box). subcutaneous injection The administration of medication by injection into the fatty layer just below the skin. Transdermal Medication administered from a patch that is applied to unbroken skin. transesophageal echocardiography An ultrasonic imaging technique that is performed from inside the esophagus to evaluate heart structures. Ultrasonography The imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of sound wave pulses that are above the range of human hearing; also known as ultrasound and diagnostic ultrasound. Urinalysis The examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements.

When a laboratory test is ordered stat, the results are needed immediately, and the tests have top priority in the laboratory. Stat comes from the Latin word meaning immediately. Blood Tests When used in regard to laboratory tests, the term profile means tests that are frequently performed as a group on automated multi-channel laboratory testing equipment. Obtaining Specimens  A phlebotomist is a medical professional who is trained to draw blood from patients for various laboratory tests and other procedures. Phlebotomy also known as venipuncture, is the puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood  phleb means vein, and -otomy means a surgical incision  An arterial stick is the puncture of an artery, usually on the inside of the wrist, to obtain arterial blood. Arterial blood differs from venous blood mostly in the concentration of dissolved gases it contains.  A capillary puncture is the technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for a blood test. Named for where it is performed, a capillary puncture is usually known as a finger, heel, or earlobe stick. Complete Blood Cell Counts A complete blood cell count (CBC) is a series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions. • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), also known as a sed rate, is a test based on the speed with which the red blood cells separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom of a specialized test tube. An elevated sed rate indicates the presence of inflammation in the body. The normal range is...