Chapter 15 Latin Locative Comparative Adjectives PDF

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Chapter 15: Latin Locative & Comparative Adjectives Part A: Combining Forms Locative Bases Latin Neuter Singular 1. centr-al2. later-al-

central side

centr-al-e later-al-e

3. dors-al4. ventr-al-

back front

dors-al-e ventr-al-e

5. dist-al6. prox-im-al-

distant nearest

dist-al-e prox-im-al-e

7. 8. 9. 10.

middle middle middle middle

mesi-al-e medi-al-e medi-an-um medi-um

11. super-fici-al12. pro-fund-

superficial deep

super-fici-al-e pro-fund-um

13. dext(e)r(-) 14. sinist(e)r(-)

right left

dextr-um sinistr-um

15. trans-vers-al16. trans-vers-ar-i17. trans-vers-

transverse transverse transverse

trans-vers-al-e trans-vers-ar-i-um trans-vers-um

Comparative Bases 18. ant-er19. post-er-

front rear

ant-er-ius post-er-ius

20. sup-er21. inf-er-

upper lower

sup-er-ius inf-er-ius

22. ex-tern-al23. ex-tern24. ex-ter-

outer outer outer

ex-tern-al-e ex-tern-um ex-ter-ius

25. in-tern-al26. in-tern27. in-ter-

inner inner inner

in-tern-al-e in-tern-um in-ter-ius

mesi-almedi-almedi-anmedi-

Part B: Notes

Agreement of Adjectives ● Latin adjectives of this chapter are not normally used in isolation ● Recall: adjectives follow their nouns and the adjectival ending must suit the gender, number, and (now) case (possessive or nominative) of its noun ● While variant endings make no difference to the translation of an adjective, they can be relied upon to tell you details about the nature of its noun Variant Adjectival Forms According to the Nature of the Noun (N) n = neuter, m = masculine, f = feminine N = noun Variant Forms

Notes

Unchanging Translation

N is m/f, nominative singular N is n, nominative singular

the middle N the middle N

N medial-es N medial-ia

N is m/f, nominative plural N is n, nominative plural

the middle N-s the middle N-s

os N2 medial-is

N2 is m/f, possessive singular

the bone of the middle N2

N is m, nominative singular N is f, nominative singular N is n, nominative singular

the middle N the middle N the middle N

N median-i N median-ae N median-a

N is m, nominative plural N is f, nominative plural N is n, nominative plural

the middle N-s the middle N-s the middle N-s

os N2 median-i os N2 median-ae

N2 is m/n, possessive singular N2 is f, possessive singular

the bone of the middle N2 the bone of the middle N2

N is m, nominative singular N is f, nominative singular N is n, nominative singular

the middle N the middle N the middle N

N medi-i N medi-ae N medi-a

N is m, nominative plural N is f, nominative plural N is n, nominative plural

the middle N-s the middle N-s the middle N-s

os N2 medi-i os N2 medi-ae

N2 is m/n, possessive singular N2 is F, possessive singular

the bone of the middle N2 the bone of the middle N2

8. medi-alN medial-is N medial-e

9. medi-anN median-us N median-a N median-um

10. mediN medi-us N medi-a N medi-um

Note, like 14, a small number of adjectives have irregular masculine nominative singulars…

14. sinist(e)r-(-) N sinister N sinistr-a N sinistr-um

N is m, nominative singular N is f, nominative singular N is n, nominative singular

the left N the left N the left N

N sinistr-i N sinistr-ae N sinistr-a

N is m, nominative plural N is f, nominative plural N is n, nominative plural

the left N-s the left N-s the left N-s

os N2 sinistr-i os N2 sinistr-ae

N2 is m/n, possessive singular N2 is f, possessive singular

the bone of the left N2 the bone of the left N2

Nominative singular adjectives ending in “-ior” (in m/f) and “-ius” (in neuter) are irregular members of the “-al-is, -ale” type, as their regular plural and possessive forms show... 18. anterN anter-ior N anter-ius

N is m/f, nominative singular N is n, nominative singular

the front N the front N

N anter-ior-es N anter-ior-a

N is m/f, nominative plural N is n, nominative plural

the front N-s the front N-s

N1 N2 anter-ior-is

N2 is m/f/n, possessive singular

the N1 of the front N2

Nominative Nouns and Adjectives ● Memorize the nominative subtypes explained above. Below are examples. Grammatical Categories Gender

Example Words and Phrases

Number

Nouns

Adj (-us type)

Adj (-is type)

Singular

nerv-us nerv-us

dexter medi-us

super-ior dist-al-is

Plural

nerv-i nerv-i

dextr-i medi-i

super-ior-es dist-al-es

Singular

ven-a ven-a

dextr-a medi-a

super-ior dist-al-is

Plural

ven-ae ven-ae

dextr-ae medi-ae

super-ior-es dist-al-es

Singular

vas vas

dextr-um medi-um

super-ius dist-al-e

Plural

vas-a vas-a

dextr-a medi-a

super-ior-a dist-al-ia

Mascuine

Feminine

Neuter

Comparatives ● The regular Latin adjectival ending denoting comparison is “-ior” (in the m/f singular nominative) ○ This is equivalent to English’s “-er” like in “smaller”

●

● ●

●

The words…. exterior, interior, anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior… are all comparative adjectives, formed from some of the prepositions found in Chapter 13. Notice in the literal translation in the brackets and its translation on the far right in the following… ex-ter-ior in-ter-ior

(more outside) (more inside)

outer inner

ant-er-ior post-er-ior

(more in front) (more behind)

front rear

sup-er-ior inf-er-ior

(more above) (more below)

upper lower

Comparative adjectives are used very specifically in the phrases of the Nomina Anatomica, and must be translated accordingly General rule: any organ or part described by one comparative adjective has an equivalent organ or part which is many ways similar to it, except in terms of location ○ e.g. if an upper part of something exists, so will a lower part The following prepositions contain versions of “-(t)(e)r-”, which is an older comparative suffix whose meaning lost force over time Current Meaning Obsolete Meaning sup-r-a inf-r-a ex-tr-a in-tr-a re-tr-o in-ter con-tr-a sup-er ul-tr-a

● ● ●

above below outside inside behind between against above beyond

(more above) (more below) (more outside) (more inside) (more back) (more inside) (more with) (more above) (more beyond)

The words above are “double comparatives” in that they all retain elements of their older form Confusion persisted in changes, resulting in the use (in the NA) of an event newer comparative suffix, “-tern-” to replace “-tr-” and “-ter-” Confusion also exists in English derivatives... ○ “exterior” often denotes “outside of” ○ “external” denotes “on or towards the outside or outer surface” ○ Thus in this book, literal translations are used (current meanings) ■ “ex-tern-al-”, “ex-tern-”, “ex-ter-” ⇒ “outer” rather than “on the outside”

Review of Possessive Forms ● Recall: in the Nomina Anatomica, a name cannot begin with a possessive noun ● Below are representative examples of the possessive forms of the two new adjectival types discussed above

Gender & Number

Possessive Nouns

Corresponding Adjectives

Translation

masculine singular

… musculi

superioris

of a/the upper muscle

… musculi

dextri

of a/the right muscle

… venae

anterioris

of a/the front vein

… venae

sinistrae

of a/the left vein

… ligamenti

inferioris

of a/the lower ligament

… ligamenti

dextri

of a/the right ligament

feminine singular

neuter singular

Translation of Latin Phrases ● Four stages of analysis are required when translating phrases 1) Division in order to identify nouns and adjectives 2) Determination of agreement 3) Translation into “Medical English” 4) Translation into literal English ramus dorsalis nervi ulnaris 1) ram/us dors/alis nerv/i uln/aris 2) (ramus + dorsalis) (nervi + ulnaris) 3) = the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve 4) = the back branch of the nerve p.t. the ulna OR = the branch, at the back, of the nerve p.t. the ulna musculus inferior ventriculi dextri 1) muscul/us infer/ior ventricul/i dextr/i 2) (musculus + inferior) (ventriculi + dextri) 3) = the inferior muscle of the right ventricle 4) = the lower muscle of the right ventricle

N+A+ N+A (N + A) of (N + A)

N+A+ N+A (N + A) of (N + A)

* Note: if the second adjective were modifying “musculus”, it would have to be “dexter” instead musculi labii superioris 1) muscul/i labi/i super/ioris 2) musculi (labii + superioris) 3) = the muscles of the superior lip 4) = the muscles of the upper lip

N+N+A N of (N + A)

* Note: if the adjective were modifying “musculi”, it would have to be “superiores” instead ligamentum fibulae anterius 1) ligamentum fibulae anterius N + N +A 2) (ligamentum + anterius) fibulae (N + A) of N 3) = the anterior ligament of the fibula 4) = the front ligament of the fibula

* Note: of the adjective were modifying “fibulae”, it would have to be “anterioris” instead Common Sense ● In long Nomina Anatomica phrases, there is occasional ambiguity as to the agreement of nouns and adjectives. Remember that an adjective always follows the noun it agrees with, but not necessarily follow it immediately ● Common sense often helps… ramus costalis arteriae thoracis superioris = the branch, p.t. the ribs, of the upper artery of the chest ○

●

(ramus = branch)

“superioris” (by position and ending) could modify either “arteriae” or “thoracis”, but the body has only one chest, so it’s logical to modify the artery

Commas are very important!!! ○ They usually go after a noun, when the noun is connected to an adjective. Except for the last noun. ■ e.g. noun, p.t. adjective, of noun p.t. adjective...