Chapter 16 - Cardiovascular Em PDF

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Chapter 16: Cardiovascular Emergencies   

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SA node- pacemaker of the heart Coronary arteries are blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle o They start at the first part of the aorta, just above the aortic valve. Angina o Transient(short-lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle o May be triggered by a large meal, sudden fear, increased work load, physical exertion, increased physical stress, change in temperature o Usually lasts 3 to 8 minutes but rarely longer than 15 minutes o When increased oxygen demand goes away, the pain will typically go away. o Stable angina responds to rest or nitroglycerin o Unstable angina occurs in response to fewer stimuli than ordinarily required to produce angina. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) o S/S  Sudden onset of weakness, nausea, and sweating without obvious cause  Chest pain, discomfort, or pressure that is often crushing or squeezing and that does not change with each breath  Pain, discomfort, or pressure in the lower jaw, arms, back, abdomen, or neck  Irregular heartbeat and syncope (fainting)  Dyspnea  Nausea, vomiting  Pink, frothy sputum  Sudden death o AMI pain differs from angina in 3 ways  It may or may not be caused by exertion but can occur at any time, sometimes when a person is sitting quietly or even sleeping  It does not resolve in a few minutes; rather, it can last between 30 minutes and several hours  It may or may not be relieved by rest or nitroglycerin o 3 consequences of AMI  Sudden death  Although you may not feel a pulse in someone experiencing cardiac arrest, the heart may still be twitching, though erratically. Known as ventricular dysrhythmia or ventricular fibrillation. Only way to convert this dysrhythmia is to defibrillate the heart  Cardiogenic shock

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Congestive heart failure (CHF)  A disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs

OPQRST o Onset o Provocation/palliation o Quality o Region/radiation o Severity o Timing Pacemaker dysfunction o You will see bradycardia and irregular HR...