Chapter 2 - Lecture notes 2 PDF

Preview

Summary

MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITYCHAPTER IIINFORMATION SHEET 2: The History of Tourism and HospitalityLearning Outcomes: Describe the history of the tourism and hospitality industry Explain the origin of tourism and hospitality in the Philippines Identify the factors that favor the growth...

Description

MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY CHAPTER II INFORMATION SHEET 2: The History of Tourism and Hospitality Learning Outcomes: 1. Describe the history of the tourism and hospitality industry 2. Explain the origin of tourism and hospitality in the Philippines 3. Identify the factors that favor the growth of tourism and hospitality

2.1 History of Tourism Industry Early Tourism Travel and exploration are basic to human nature. Man has traveled since the earliest times although the term tourism was used only the 19th century. “Tourism is derived from the Hebrew word Torah which means studying, learning or searching. Tourism can trace its ancestry in the Old Testament. Noah with his Ark must have been the first large scale operator even though his passengers were mostly animals. There are numerous references to caravans and traders in the Old Testament. Chapter 26 and 27 of the book of Ezekiel describe trade and commerce in ancient Tyre and recount the travels abroad made by merchants. Early tourism has two forms: travel for business such as trading and religious travel. Throughout history, merchants have traveled intensively in order to trade with other nations and tribes. The invention of money, writing and the wheels by the Sumerians facilitated travel and exchange of goods. The early Phoenicians toured the Mediterranean as traders. Both the Greeks and the Romans were well-known traders and as their respective empires increased, travel becomes necessary. At this time, there was also travel for private purpose. Examples are the Olympic Games held in 776 BC by the Greeks as well as the travel by rich Romans for enjoyment and to visit friends and relatives. The Roman traveller was largely aided by improvement in communications, first class roads, and inns. By employing relays of horses, distances of 100 miles or more could be covered in one day. In between distances of six miles were mutations or stables where horses could be changed. They are the equivalent of the present gasoline stations. Tourism in Medieval Period During the medieval period travel declined. Travel, derived from the word travail become burdensome, dangerous and demanding during this time. After the decline of Roman Empire in the 5 th century, roads were not maintained and they become unsafe. Thieves inflicted harm on those who dared travel. no one during this time traveled for pleasure. Crusaders and pilgrims were only the ones who traveled. Tourism during the Renaissance and Elizabethan Eras With the renaissance, a few renowned universities developed so that travel for education was introduced largely by the British. Travel for education becomes popular in the 16th century. Under the Elizabeth I, your men seeking positions in court were encouraged to travel to the continent to widen their education. This practice was gradually adopted by others in the lower social scale. In time, it become recognized that the education of a gentleman should be completed by a “Grand Tour” of the cultural centers of the continent which lasted for three years. The term was used as early as 1670. While apparently educational, the appeal became social. Pleasure-seeking young men of leisure traveled predominantly through France and Italy to enjoy the cultures and social life in Europe, with Venice, Florence, and Paris as the key attractions. By the end of the 18th century, the practice had become institutionalized for the upper class o society. As young men sought intellectual improvement in the continent, the sick sought a remedy for their illnesses in “SPAS’ or medicinal baths. The term “SPA” is derived from the Walloon word “ESPA” meaning fountain. Turnbridge Wells in Kent (near London) become famous as a spa in the 1660s. Travelers immersed themselves in the healing waters. Soon, an entertainment was added and dozens of watering places became resort hotels. Bath in England, Baden-Baden in Germany, Baden in Austria, Bainesles-Basin in France, Lucca in Italy, and Karslbad amd Marienbad in Bohemia became fashionable in the 18th and 19th centuries. Tourism during the Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution brought about major changes in the scale and type of tourism development. It brought about not only technological changes, but also essential social changes that made travel desirable as a recreational activity. The increase in productivity, regular employment, and growing urbanization gave more people the motivation and opportunity to go on holiday. The emerging mddle class combined higher incomes and growing education into annual holidays. To escape from their responsibilities and the crowded city environment, they traveled to the countryside or

seashore for their holidays. This led to the creation of working-class resorts near major industrial centers.

Modern Tourism Tourism in the 19th Century Two technological developments in the early part of the 19th century had a great effect on the growth of tourism. These were the introduction of railway and the development of steam power. The railroads created not only more business by providing reliable and cheap transportation, but also more competition as various private companies invested in hotels, resorts, and entertainment facilities. Thus tourism was transformed from a small business catering to the elite into the start of a mass market that is, travel by a large number of individuals. The use of steam power provided the increased mobility needed by the tourism business. Steamers on the major rivers provided reliable and inexpensive transportation that led to the popular dy-trip cruises and the growth of coastal resorts near large industrial towns. As tourism became organized in the later years of the 19th century, the organization of travel became an established institution. The first and most famous of these was Thomas Cook. His first excursion train trip was between Leicester and Loughborough in 1841 with 570 passengers at a round-trip fare of one shilling. The success of this venture encouraged him to arrange similar excursions using chartered trains. In 1866, he organized the first American tour. In 1874, he introduced “circular notes” which were accepted by banks, hotels, shops and restaurants. These were in effect the travelers’ checks. Other tour companies which appeared in Britain at this time were Dean and Dawson in 1871, the Polytechnic Touring Association in 1872, and Frames in 1881. In the United Staes, American Express was founded by Henry Weels and William Fargo. As the 19th century drew to a close, photography and guidebooks became popular. A huge variety of guide books which dealt with both local and overseas travel were sold to tourists. Tourism in the 20th Century At the beginning of the 20th century, pleasure travel continued to expand, encouraged by the increasing wealth, curiosity, and outgoing attitudes of the people as well as the increasing ease of such movement. World War I brought about many changes, which influenced the volume of tourism. Early post-war prosperity, coupled with large scale migration, boosted the demand for international travel. Interest in foreign travel was further enhanced by the first-hand experience of foreign countries. New form of mass communication stimulated curiosity about other countries. In addition to the influence of posters and press, the cinema, radio, and television widened knowledge and interest in travel. World War II also led to increased interest in travel. The war had introduced combatants not only to new countries, but also to new continents generating new friendships and in interest in different culture. Another outcome of war was the progress in aircraft technology. Air travel had become more comfortable, safer, faster and cheaper in comparison with other forms of transport. With the introduction of the Boeing 707 jets in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses arrived, hastening the declined of sea travel. Improvements in air transport not only encouraged greater transcontinental travel, but were also instrumental in the growth of international travel in the 1960s and 1970s. The earth literally shrank for the tourist, bringing distant exotic islands closer and replacing week-long sea voyages with few hours of air travel. After the post war recovery years, there was increase in private car ownership. Travelers switched to the use of private cars and this change affected both the coach and rail services. An increased in discretionary income and leisure time, which many people converted into increased recreation and travel. As business and trade prospered in the develop countries, business travel also flourished, leading to the demand not only for individual travel on a worldwide scale. The 1970s have also seen the emergence of new patterns in tourism. As economic powers have shifted between countries, new tourism-generating countries such as the oil-rich Arab countries and Japan arouse. Europe, as well as the developing tourist-based countries of Asia, have benefited from the influx. The Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia have strengthened their tourist attractions to appeal to new markets.

2.2 History of the Hospitality Industry Ancient Period The Sumerians The recorded history of the hospitality industry began with the Sumerians, a group of people who lived in Mesopotamia near the Persian Gulf at about 4000 BC. Since much of this area was fertile, several Sumerian have become prosperous, as well as skilled farmers and cattle breeders. The Sumerian farmers were able to produce such abundant harvests that they were able to sell their surplus grain to people in other parts o the region. The Sumerians invented the money and writing as a means to record and settle their business transactions. Politically, the Sumerians organized themselves into city-states. Since the states covered a large geographic area, Sumerian required the services of travelers, namely, food, drinks, and shelter. Hence, local Sumerian taverns were established, making them the first hospitality business. It is most likely that the hospitality industry begun with the

Sumerians 5,000 years ago in BC.

Empires: 3200 BC to 476 AD From 3200 BC to 476 AD, three significant empires flourished-the Egyptian , Greek, and Roman. this period is known to historians as the Empire Era. Each of these empires develop hospitality services for increasing numbers of travelers. Egyptian Empire The Egyptian developed slowly over several thousand years. By 2300 BC various groups had been united under one government ruled by a “pharaoh,” the Egyptian term of King. The famous tombs for the pharaohs became tourist attractions that many people traveled long distances to see. In addition to travelling to see the pyramids, people traveled to attend religious festivals. The ancient Egyptians were the first that food service and lodging should be provided to travelers. Thus the ancient Egyptians were the first to began the activity we now call tourism and hospitality. Greek Empire Ancient Greek civilization began to develop about 1100 BC. It evolve in the form of independent city-state. These city-states were united by Phillip of Macedonia in the middle of the third century BC. His son, Alexander the Great,built an empire that surrounded the Mediterranean and extended as far east as India. The Greeks are dedicated travelers. Their land and sea travels made them dominant in the Mediterranean region. Because of the increased travel, some form of overnight accommodation became a necessity. Hence, inns and taverns became common in ancient Greece. As in the Middle East, they had a bad reputation. The owners adulterated drinks with water and engaged in criminal activities. They were looked down upon rich and powerful citizens. In contrast to inns and taverns, restaurants in ancient Greece were often respected and served fine food. Roman Empire In 146 BC, after many years of conflict, Greece became a Roman protectorate. Roman efforts at territorial expansions continued. By the time Rome had conquered mos of Western Europe and Middle East, inns and taverns were established throughout the empire. The Romans constructed elaborate inns along the main roads for official and couriers of the Roman Government. Marco Polo described these inns as “fit for a king”. Some rich landowners built their inns in their estate and were managed by household slaves. Near the cities, inns and taverns were constructed for less wealthy citizens and were run by freemen or by retired gladiators who wanted to invest their money in the restaurant business. Medieval Period Dark Ages After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, innkeeping almost disappeared, except local taverns and a few inns which were scattered throughout Europe. Through this period, the Roman Catholic church took over the job of feeding and housing the travelers-both religious and lay people. The monasteries of the church were self-suffecient enterprises. Members of the religious orders planted vegetables and herbs, raised animals for meat, and grew grapes for wine. The most famous of these monastery-shelters was the Hospice of St. Bernard located in the Alps, 8110 feet above sea level. Travelers were not charged for lodging. Those were able to pay were expected to give donations. In Europe, Charlemagne established rest houses for pilgrims. The main purpose was to protect pilgrims and provide hospitality on their routes. Providing hospitality services to travelers become a burden to the religious houses. The Church found it difficult to accommodate many travelers in a limited space. The monasteries were overbooked. Gradually, some taverns, inns and wine shops began to give accommodations to the middle class travelers. Thus the number of inns increased although the standards of comfort and cleanliness differed greatly in different countries and religions Renaissance: 1350 AD to 1600 AD During the Renaissance, there were no restaurants or dining establishments. In England, there were taverns, pubs, and inns. None of these served food. They were generally avoided by the upper classes who dined and entertained in their homes. Concern about table manners increased during this period and rues to be observed at the dinner tables developed. People were instructed not to put food on their plates using their fingers because such behavior is unpleasant and annoying. Burping at the dinner table was considered unacceptable. Early Modern Period: 1600 AD to 1800 AD In the sixteenth century, a type of eating place for commoners called an ordinary appeared in England. These places were taverns that served a fixed price, fixed menu meals. During this era, coffee and tea began to influence the culinary habits of Western Europe. Tea developed slower than coffee as a common beverage. It became widespread in

England....