Chapter 2 - Lecture notes 2 PDF

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Summary

Psychology-12th edition
David G. Myers ...

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Nicole Hung

The Biology of Mind !

•

Franz Gall ! - German physician ! - phrenology, studying bumps on skulls! - reveals one’s mental ability & character traits !

• Biological psychology! - mind-body connection is explored through research & clinical practice (slights & sounds, meanings & memories, pain & passion) !

- our adaptive brain is wired by our experiences !

• Neurons ! - A nerve cell; the basic building block of nervous system! - thoughts, actions, memories and mood ! • Dendrites (listener)! • Axon (speaker) !

(pg.52)!

• what are the two potentials that are generated while transmission of an impulse?! 1. Action Potential ! - the nerve impulse ! - brief electrical charge that travels down the axon ! 2. Resting Potential ! - more Na, outside ! - more K, inside # # !

• Neurotransmitter! - body’s chemical messengers ! - transmit message b/w neurons, or from neurons to muscles !

• Charles Sherrington! - noticed that neural impulses taking too long to travel a neural pathway !

- interruption during the transmitting! - Synapse! - meeting point b/w 2 neurons ! - able to change & adapte reposes to neuron firing patterns !

(pg. 55)

Nicole Hung

I. [ NERVOUS SYSTEM ]

• What are the 3 main types of neurons?! !

1. Sensory (afferent) neurons ! 2. Motor (efferent) neurons ! 3. Interneurons !

• What are the functions of the nervous system’s main division?! 4. Central Nervous System - Brain (thinking, feeling)! - Spinal Cord (brain + body)! - The neural network ! - integrating sensory information ! - coordinating both conscious and unconscious activity!

5. Peripheral Nervous System (gathers info & transmit to body parts) • Somatic [SNS]! - Sensory (input)! - Motor (output, skeletal muscles)!

http://163.178.103.176/temas/temab2n/aportal/fisonercg/fisonerob1/mari/

• Autonomic [ANS] changes in heartbeat, blood pressure, body temp. ! - Sympathetic (arousing) ! - Parasympathetic (calming)! - Homeostasis (sympathetic + parasympathetic works together, steady internal state)!

II. [ ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ]

• Endocrine System ! - the body’s “SLOW” chemical communication system ! - wider, slower stream of data ! • A Gland is just a any structure that makes and secret a hormone ! • Hormones ! - chemical messengers! - reproduction ! - metabolism &energy balance ! - growth & development ! - Located in the centre of the brain ! - the master gland ! - produces many hormones that signal other glands to make their own hormones! !

(Pg. 62)

Nicole Hung

I. OLD BRAIN • Brainstem ! - ancient & central core of the brain! - Medulla (base of the brainstem, heartbeat & breathing)! - Pons (movement & sleep) ! • Thalamus ! - located on top of the brainstem ! - sensory control centre ! - seeing, hearing, touching and tasting ! • Reticular formation ! - located b/w your ears! - the nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the

(Pg. 68)

• Cerebellum ! - located bottom of the brainstem ! - nonverbal learning & memory ! - judge time, modulate emotion, discriminate sounds, textures (Bower & Parson, 2003) ! - if damage, difficulty walking, keeping balance or shaking hands!

!

II. LIMBIC SYSTEM

- two lima-bean sized cluster of neuron ! - emotion (aggression & fear responses)! -

located below the thalamus ! body maintenance, pleasurable rewards ! hunger, regulate thirst, body temp., sexual behaviour ! maintain steady internal state!

- seahorse shaped ! - help process explicit conscious memories ! - memory of facts and event ! (Pg. 70)

Nicole Hung

THE CEREBRAL CORTEX - body’s ultimate control & info-processing centre ! - thin surface layer ! - contains 20 to 23 billions of brain nerve cells and 300 trillion synaptic connections (De Courten- Myers, 2005)! 1. Frontal Lobes ! - speaking, planning, judging, abstract thinking! 2. Parietal Lobes ! - sense of touch, body position ! 3. Occipital Lobes ! - information related to sight ! 4. Temporal Lobes ! - comprehension, sound, speech (auditory areas)! ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfFB7Jqti_E

THE FUNCTION OF THE CORTEX 1. Motor Function ! - Motor Cortex (Gustar Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig) ! - an area at the rear of the frontal lobes ! - controls voluntary movement # ! 2. Sensory Function ! - Somatosensory Cortex - an area at the front of the parietal lobes! - registers & processes body touch, movement and sensations ! - incoming sensation ! 3. Association Area ! - higher mental function, learning, remembering, thinking & speaking! - interpreting & integrating sensory input and link up with memories ———throughout 4 lobes, so brain damage to different areas will cause very diff. results...