Chapter 2 Sutdy Guide PDF

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Chapter 2 Study Guide Objectives: 1. What were the main contours of English colonization in the 17th century? Colonies were racked by religious, political, and economic tensions. The New World was beginning anti-Catholicism and moving toward Protestantism. They remained dependent on the mother country for protection and economic assistance. America was seen as a refuge for England's surplus population. 2. What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome? It was expensive to pay for voyages to the New World. Two-thirds of English settlers came as indentured servants in exchange for passage to America. The English wanted land, not control of the native population. There was recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians. The colony's (tobacco producing) leadership changed repeatedly, its inhabitants suffered an extraordinarily high death rate, and, with the company seeking a quick profit, supplies from England proved inadequate. 3. How did Virginia and Maryland develop their in their early years? Virginia- Jamestown- Dependent upon the Indians for food; too busy looking for riches. John Smith's Iron Rule- 'He that will not work, shall not eat". The House of Burgesses was hardly a democracy- only landowners could vote. The Uprising of 1622- Opechancanough vs. Virginia's settlers. John Rolfe (married to Pocahontas) introduced tobacco. Get-rich-quick attitude; high death rate. Maryland- Established in 1632 as a proprietary colony. Cecilius Calvert as proprietor; was Catholic and wanted Protestants and Catholics to live in harmony. Tobacco was the commodity; tobacco came to dominate the economy and tobacco planters the society; high death rate for all settlers. 4. What made the English settlement of New England distinctive? In the English settlement of New England a different social order emerged, a religious movement known as "Puritanism." A term was initially coined by opponents to ridicule those not satisfied with the progress of the Protestant Reformation in England, who called themselves not Puritans but "godly" or "true Protestants." The Puritans had different beliefs for the family, government and society, and the relationship between the church and state. Furthered by the Massachusetts Bay Company, the Great Migration helped to expand the Puritan cause. 5. What were the main sources of discord in early New England?

The main sources of discord in early New England were the disruptive religious controversies and rough relations with Native Americans. (Roger Williams believed in religious toleration; Connecticut (New Haven and Hartford) had a very close connection between the state and the church. The languages and the constant wars between the Natives and Puritans, and the language differences caused them to have a bad relationship with each other. The Puritans punished those who wanted to live like the Indians and wanted to convert the Indians to Christian faith.) 6. How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America? It caused a division between loyalists of English Parliament and free English colonies. The idea of "freedom" played a role in England's political debates. Several English colonies existed for an ad hoc process and had differed majorly in economic, political, and social structure.

I. Key Terms 1. Virginia Company The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies A private business organization who shareholders included merchants, aristocrats, and members of Parliament, and to which the queen had given her blessing before her death.

2. Anglican Church The Anglican Church became the official Church of England during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603). With its establishment, England assumed leadership of the Protestant world.

3. Roanoke colony The first English settlement in the New World was on the island of Roanoke, off the coast of North Carolina, established in 1587. Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America was born on Roanoke Island. The settlement failed, and no one knows what became of the people who first settled there.

4. Enclosure movement In the English countryside English landlords were "enclosing" croplands for sheep grazing, forcing many small farmers into precarious tenancy or, off their land altogether.

5. John Smith Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

6. headright system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. Awarded fifty acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another's passage.

7. House of Burgesses In 1619 the London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly known as the House of Burgesses. This assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments in America. The House of Burgesses was established in Virginia in 1619 as an advisory body to the colony's governors. It was the seed of the system of representative government in English America.

8. Uprising of 1622 Powhatan rose against the English. The Indian Massacre of 1622 took place in the English Colony of Virginia on Friday, 22 March 1622. Chief Opechancanough led a coordinated series of surprise attacks of the Powhatan Confederacy that killed 347 people, a quarter of the English population of Jamestown.

9. dower rights A legal right originating in medieval Europe and carried to the colonies that entitled a widow to a portion (at least one-third) of the deceased husband's estate for use during her lifetime whether he left a will granting her a portion or not.

10. Puritans Similar to the beliefs of the Protestant Reformation however they believed that the reformation was not moving fast enough. They believed that the church would be purified by eliminating Catholic influence.

11. John Winthrop Led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 and was elected their governor on April 8, 1630. Between 1639 and 1648 he was voted out of governorship and re-elected a total of 12 times. Winthrop, a lawyer, served for over twenty years as the elected governor of the Puritans' Massachusetts Bay colony.

12. Pilgrims Puritan Separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World aboard the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620.

13. Mayflower Compact 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

14. Great migration Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years.

15. dissenters Protestants who disagreed with official church of colonies and belonged to other denominations

16. Captivity narrative Publications written by colonists who had been captured by Indians.

17. Pequot War An armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes), against the Pequot tribe. Turning point in 1637 when a fur trader was killed by Pequots - a powerful tribe who controlled Southern New England's fur trade and exacted tribute from other Indians. The destruction in this war of one if the region's most powerful Indian groups not only opened the Connecticut River valley to rapid white settlement but also made other Indians fear the European power.

18. English liberty (English Freedom) An idea that certain ''rights of Englishmen'' applied to all within the kingdom.

19. Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) Adopted in Maryland in 1649; institutionalized the principle of toleration that had prevailed from the colony's beginning.

20. Tobacco John Rolfe began planting tobacco in Virginia. Many were willing to buy so growing tobacco became very popular up and down the James. This pressured the colonists to expand their territory because a lot of land is needed for growing tobacco to grow large amounts and because tobacco exhausted the soil. The need for land made Europeans move more inward away from the center of European settlement, which was going into the native's land. Tobacco quickly became the most valuable crop. By 1616 tobacco was profitless due to overproduction.

indentured servant A person who worked for 4-7 years of service in exchange for passage across the Atlantic to North America. people who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay for their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would become free.

21. Half-Way Covenant By 1650 less than half the population of Boston had been admitted to full church membership. The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 tried to address this problem by allowing for the baptism and a kind of subordinate, "half-way" membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration.

22. Roger Williams Insisted that needs congregation withdrew from the Church of England and that the church and state be separated. Aim to strengthen religion and believed government corrupted the church. Denied that God had single out any group as special favorites 23. Anne Hutchinson Arrived in Massachusetts and hold meetings in her home discussing religious issues. Since both church and state reinforce each other anne was placed on trial and banished. But not before leaving her mark on the regions religious culture

II. Review Questions 1. Compare and contrast settlement patterns, treatment of Indians and religion of the Spanish and English in the Americas. The Spanish and English had different settlement patterns, closely treatment of Indians, and same religion in the Americas. First, the Spanish and English had different settlement patterns. The Spanish followed plantations and mining, but the English followed two different patterns of settlement that were plantations in Chesapeake and Carolinas and family farms in New England and Middle Colonies. Second, the Spanish and the English had closely treatment of Indians, but they had different ultimate aims. For the Spanish colonists, it continued to mistreat Indians as the Spanish Empire expanded in the Americas. At that time, the Spanish were seeking for gold that was the most important reason for their colonist, and they used every way to get it, that by the way was the violence they got everything they wanted killing Indians and they killed every Indian on their way. Therefore, Indians usually involved a lot of killing, disease and forced conversions. However, for the English Colonists, it cruelly treated Indians because they desired to exploit Indians' resources. As far as the religion of the Spanish and English, they had a same religion and a same religious ultimate aim in the New World-Americas. Whatever the Spanish and English, they introduced

Christianity to Natives, and tried to convert them with education, particularly to the young. The English were more concerned with finding gold rather than build functioning societies; societies were built around biblical teachings. The Spanish intended for European national power to extend to western civilization beginning with Catholicism and influence of the pope. English settlers were driven from England due to religious practices. The English saw themselves as saving the Indians from the Spanish and their tyrannical ways.

2. For English settlers, land was the basis of independence and liberty. Explain the reasoning behind that concept and how it differed from the Indians' concept of land. Juxtaposition of the English and Indian conceptions of Land and Land ownership. In a place where development only just began, Land was the most important resource. According to the text, "English Colonists . . . wanted land, not dominion over the existing population" (54). This want for land by the settlers, made them treat the men with land with more esteem. Consequently, Men with lands weren't made slaves and this made Land the basis of liberty. Soon the settlers took over unoccupied lands as well as occupied land; they also sought to purchase land from the Indians. And so settlers who owned lands and Indians who retained the ownership of their lands were free and allowed to vote. This describes the power of land as the basis of liberty for the English settlers. Before the coming of the English settlers, the Indian perspective to land had always been a collective one. A perspective that embraced collective ownership of land by members of the Indian community. The Indians believed, unlike the English settlers, that their land was given to them by The Great Spirit with a mandate to take care of it. Owning land would give men control over their own labor and the right to vote in most colonies. Possessions showed wealth, wealth demonstrated power, power that could be used to influence a society a certain way and convince others to follow.

3. Describe the factors promoting and limited religious freedom in the New England and Chesapeake colonies. In seventeen century, the English emigrated to the New England and the Chesapeake. They had totally different political, economic and social. Also, the religious were between the puritans and separatist puritan. In that time, the king of British thought religious must be unity, and imposed people to belief and follow the religious that the king thought it was the standard. However, the new king Charles decided the name of unity religious was the Church. Then, the New England became a religious country. The Church was controlling the economic and political of New England. However, there were a group of people was coming. They believe in the freedom of religious and liberty of speech. They thought no one should impose others to change faith and religious. People had right to choose their faith and religious, and the leather of this group people was Roger Williams.

The majority in the Chesapeake region were Protestants. The Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its religious rituals and doctrine. In New England, John Calvin would teach the public that the world was divided between the elect and the damned. -Puritans believed that religious uniformity was essential to social order. -Puritans did not believe in religious toleration.

4. Describe who chose to migrate to North America from England in the seventeenth century and explain their reasons. Between 1607 and 1700, more than half million people left England. Around 180,000 migrated to North America. English settlers came as indentured servants, who voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a specific time in exchange for passage to America. They believed the land was the basis of liberty. Anyway there was the main reason why English emigrated to America. It was because economic conditions in England were so bad. It was also social crisis with economic growth unable to keep pace with the needs of population that grew from 3 million on 1550 to about 4 million in 1600. Many flooded into England's cities, where wages fell dramatically. Due to it many people stayed without their jobs and they were in search of a new work. The situation grew worth as prices rose. So, because of economic reasons English chose to emigrate to North America. They were looking for a liberty and a freedom and to stay away of economic instability in Europe commonly. -Immigrants with ample financial resources - sons of merchants and English gentlemen - had taken advantage of the headright system and governmental connections to acquire large estates along navigable rivers. They believed that land was the basis for liberty. -Many came as indentured servants. Puritans fled as separatists from the Church of England and their negative influences. -Desire to escape religious persecution, anxiety about the future of England, and the prospect of economic betterment.

5. In what ways did the economy, government and household structure differ in New England and the Chesapeake colonies? Men only at first. Women didn't come until later. Was a disaster, huge population died. Was headed back when a ship carrying a new governor, supplies, and settlers came and convinced them to turn around. Military discipline held colony together. "You don't work, you don't eat". Virginia company realized it needed to be a society in order to thrive. Company convinced people to go by offering land if you could afford the trip. -In England, a married woman was able to possess certain rights by law, such as "dower rights" 1/3 of her husband's property in the event that he died before she did.

-In Chesapeake, Margaret Brent was able to acquire land, manage her own plantation and acted as a lawyer in court. Widowers were able to manage their husbands' estates or were willed their husbands' property outright. -Economically, New England was more self-efficient (fishing, timber for exports) they also consumed what they cultivated; whereas Chesapeake depended on laborers to produce. -Dispersed plantation society of the Chesapeake vs. the organized colony of selfgoverned towns of New England. -New England's environment was much healthier than the Chesapeake and the male/female ratio more even with more children surviving infancy, making the woman's adult life devoted to bearing and rearing children. -Puritans feared excessive individualism and lack of social unity.

6. The English believed that, unlike the Spanish, their motives for colonization were pure, and that the growth of empire and freedom would always go hand in hand. How did the expansion of the British empire affect the freedoms of native Americans, the Irish, and even many English citizens? When the Europeans arrived in America and began to colonize the area, the Indians were displaced and began to rely heavily on European goods in order to survive. The Irish were abused and discriminated against socially and lawfully. Finally, the English citizens were used for labor, to become colonists, and to farm. -Indentured servitude left people with little rights -Military control, exclusion and settlement for the Irish -Displacement of natives and European agriculture/livestock -Destroyed native environment -Overuse of natural resources like wood and overhunting for trade -Warfare between tribes and animal extinction and disease -Moral liberty vs natural liberty by puritans -Puritans saw hierarchy as connected to liberty and respect for inequality

7. Considering politics, social tensions and debates over the meaning of liberty, how do the events and aftermath of the English civil war demonstrate the English colonies in North America were part of a larger Atlantic community? By the middle of seventeenth century, several English colonies existed along the Atlantic coast of North America. Economic, politic and social structures were established in the Atlantic world. The seeds had been planted, in the Chesapeake, for the development of plantation societies based on unfree labor, and in New England, for arrivers centered on small towns and family farms. The colonies and many residents enjoyed freedoms they had not possessed at home, especially access to land and the right to worship as settlers desired. Some settlers found themselves confined to unfree labor for many years or an entire lifetime.

Most New Englander's sided with Parliament and some returned to England to join forces.

8. How did the tobacco economy draw the Chesapeake colonies into the greater Atlantic World? Tobacco started to become really popular. The colonies wanted to be imported and started the basis of the economy. Integrated into the greater Atlantic trade, which caused an increase in slavery....