Chapter 2 Textbook Notes PDF

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Chapter 2 textbook notes...

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Music therapy in preliterate cultures - Preliterate societies have no written communication, politics, agriculture, housing - Believed they were controlled by supernatural forces - Believed in the power of music to control mental and physical well beings - An ill person was viewed as a victim of a spell- the medicine man applies music and magic to exorcise malevolent spirits - Healing also offered spiritual emotional support to facilitate quick recovery Music and healing in early civilizations - Hunters and food collectors of preliterate cultures predominated for 50000 years - The advent of agriculture led to the rise of civilization, in which music played a large role as a form of rational medicine, and in healing/religious ceremonies Uses of music in antiquity- healing rituals - Egyptian music healers were privileged due to a close relationship with god and priests - During height of babylonian culture, disease was viewed in religious terms (where sick person suffered for sins), and healing rites involved music - In ancient greece, music was viewed as special force over thought, emotion, and physical health (shrines and temples included hymn specialists, and music was prescribed for emotionally disturbed individuals) - Mental disorder treatment through music revealed that it could directly influence emotion and develop character - Aristotle valued music as emotional catharsis, plato described it as medicine of the soul, Caelius warned against indiscriminate use of music against madness - By 6th century BC, rational medicine almost entirely replaced music and religious rites - Predominant explanation of health became the 4 humours theory- black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood - This was important during middle ages Music and healing in middle ages and renaissance - Influence of christianity prompted change in how diseases were perceived- sick people were no longer inferior or punished - Hospitals were established - But people with mental illnesses were still believed to be possessed by demons and were abused - Numerous statesmen believed in the empower of music to improve health such as Boethius who claimed music improved or degraded morals - Cassiodorus saw music as catharsis, St. Basil advocated as positive vehicle for emotion - During the renaissance, advances in science and clinical medicine market beginning of scientific approach to medicine - More sophisticated interpretation of the four humours - There was some integration of medicine, music, and art (eg musicians and physicians wrote on the collaborative power of the two disciplines) - Music in the renaissance was used as remedy for melancholy, despair and madness, and was also used as preventative medicine (to enhance emotional health, maintain a positive outlook on life)

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During baroque, music continued to be linked to medical practice - The theory of temperaments and effections by Kircher provided fresh viewpoint on use of music in the treatment of disease- he believed personality was coupled with music thus it became necessary for healers to choose correct music for treatment - Burton and shakespeare also supported the idea of music as therapy - By 18th century music was still advocated as therapy by physicians, but a change in philosophy occured - With more emphasis on science and medicine, scientists investigated supported explanations for illness rather than religious or superstitious ones - During this time, music was relegated to special cases and only applied by a few physicians who viewed treatment from a holistic, multi therapeutic framework Music therapy in the united states - Became organized in 20th century, but was used since 18th century 18th century writings on music therapy in the united states - Earliest known was an anonymous article in columbia magazine in 1789,presenting basic principles of music therapy that are still used today, and provided evidence of music therapy in europe - Used descartes to support music’s influence on regulating emotional conditions - Author concluded that a person's mental state can affect physical health - Because of music’s positive effect, it can be considered a therapeutic agent - Author also advised the skilled use of music in treatment of disease by a trained music practitioner - Another anonymous (new york weekly magazine) article described a french music teacher who suffered from fever- after two weeks of distress, a concert was performed which caused his symptoms to disappear and cured his illness - Both authors presented anecdotal evidence rather than scientific claims, so while these are not credible, they do suggest 18th century practitioners were interested in using music in medical treatment (which would’ve been welcomed by the public in an era of crude treatment)...