Chapter 2.2 - Problem from The Science of Psychology An Appreciative View (4th Edition) PDF

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Problem Answers from the book The Science of Psychology An Appreciative View (4th Edition)....

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The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View (4th Edition) King L.

PROBLEM 1 TY What are the five steps in the scientific method?

ANSWER Step 1 of 4 Descriptive research describes about some phenomenon by determining its basic dimensions. It cannot prove the cause but can reveal important information about behavior and attitude of individuals. Descriptive research methods include aspects like observations, surveys, interviews and case studies. Step 2 of 4 Correlation research describes about relationship between two variables. It interprets the data containing two variables are changing together and is there any correlation. For example, when one of the variables is increasing the fate of the other can be known by correlation. If both the variables are increasing together the variables are called correlated. Step 3 of 4 Correlational research involves a statistical technique called correlation used to analyze the data with two variables. The key feature of this study is to measure the factors or observe them to know how they are related. The degree of relation is expressed as a numerical value known as correlational coefficient and is represented by letter 'r'.

Step 4 of 4 Experimental research involves determination of causal relationship between two variables using experimental methods. An experiment is a highly regulated process in which the conditions can be manipulated with one or more variables that may influence some other variable. Experimental research demonstrates the causation and test the differences between variables.

PROBLEM 2 TY Explain why correlation is not the same as causation.

ANSWER Step 1 of 2 Correlation is not equal to causation. Correlation is useful to measure whether two variables are changing together. It can predict the effect of one event based on the other but does not necessarily state about the cause of either events. For example, coffee consumption causes pancreas cancer is synonymous with correlation but cannot emphasize the causality. Step 2 of 2 Correlation involves a variable that is not measured and may account for relationship between two other variables. This is referred as third variable problem. The third variable is also known as confound. Sometimes the third variable may compel the correlational study to draw an alternative explanation.

PROBLEM 3 TY What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?

ANSWER Step 1 of 3 Experiments are carried out with two different groups that have received different version of independent variable. The two groups are compared to draw the conclusion of the experiment. The two groups are named as experimental group or control group. Experimental group consists of participants in an experiment exposed to the change represented by an independent variable. Step 2 of 3

Control group is similar to experimental group except for the change. The control group does not involve the independent variable representing the change. Therefore, the control group provides a comparison against the effects produced by the independent variable representing the change.

Step 3 of 3 For example, two groups containing people who love music and who do not listen to music. The experiment involves effect of music on intelligence of individuals. The experimental group involves individuals who love and listen the music to maximum time.

The control group includes individuals who do not listen to music. The intelligent quotient is measured of individuals in both the groups and the results are compared....