Chapter 24 PDF

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Exam Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 24.1

Using Figure 24.1, match the following: 1) Ten- step enzymatically driven process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid. Answer: A 2) Occurs via substrate- level phosphorylation. Answer: D 3) Produces the CO2 involved during glucose oxidation. Answer: B 4) Where the hydrogen atoms removed during the oxidation of food fuels are combined with O 2 . Answer: C 5) Contains ATP synthase rotor rings. Answer: C 1

6) ATP formed by oxidative phosphorylation. Answer: E 7) Involves sugar activation, sugar cleavage, oxidation, and ATP formation. Answer: A MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following: 8) Glucose serves as the initial reactant.

A) Glycolysis

Answer: A B) Citric acid (Krebs) cycle 9) Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substrate

C) Electron transport chain

molecule. Answer: B 10) Occurs in the cytosol of a cell. Answer: A 11) Produces the most ATP. Answer: C 12) Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons. Answer: C Match the following: 13) Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose. Answer: B 14) Formation of glucose from proteins or fats. Answer: C

A) Glycolysis B) Gluconeogenesis C) Glycogenolysis D) Glycogenesis

15) Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. Answer: D 16) Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. Answer: A

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Match the following: 17) Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids. Answer: B

A) Ketogenesis B) Lipogenesis

18) Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. Answer: D

C) Beta oxidation D) Lipolysis

19) Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups. Answer: C 20) Formation of ketone bodies. Answer: A Match the following: 21) Heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on. Answer: C

A) Evaporation B) Radiation

22) Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan. Answer: D

C) Conduction D) Convection

23) Heat loss in the form of infrared waves. Answer: B 24) Heat loss during sweating. Answer: A TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

25) Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm. Answer:

True

False

26) The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing. Answer:

True

False

27) Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals. Answer:

True

False

28) The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health. Answer:

True

False

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29) The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides. Answer:

True

False

30) There are no nutritionally complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a nutritionally complete protein. Answer:

True

False

31) The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine. Answer:

True

False

32) The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by their age, size, metabolic rate, and the need to build new proteins. Answer:

True

False

33) Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health. Answer:

True

False

34) Cellular respiration is an anabolic process. Answer:

True

False

35) The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat. Answer:

True

False

36) Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose- 6- phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose- 1- phosphate. Answer:

True

False

37) Glycogen accounts for 80- 85% of stored energy in the body. Answer:

True

False

38) In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2 ) must be removed. Answer:

True

False

39) Glucose sparing refers to the use of noncarbohydrate fuel molecules in the post absorptive state. Answer:

True

False

40) Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are described as anabolic. Answer:

True

False

41) For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose. Answer:

True

False

42) Triglycerides and cholesterol do NOT circulate freely in the bloodstream. Answer:

True

False

43) The major role of high- density lipoproteins (HDLs) is to store energy in the form of fat. Answer:

True

False

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44) It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body. Answer:

True

False

45) Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways. Answer:

True

False

46) High levels of HDLs are considered good. Answer:

True

False

47) Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations. Answer:

True

False

48) Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant. Answer:

True

False

49) Peptides called NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (agouti- related peptides) are powerful appetite enhancers. Answer:

True

False

50) The primary function of dietary protein is energy production within cells. Answer:

True

False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

51) Which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membranes, myelin sheaths, and steroid hormones? A) glucose B) protein C) lipids D) complex carbohydrates Answer: C 52) Which of the choices below is NOT a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) lipogenesis B) amino acid synthesis C) glycogenesis D) direct conversion to a nucleic acid E) ATP production Answer: D 53) Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body? A) protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation B) promote weight loss with activity C) shrink fat stores D) increase appetite and food intake Answer: D

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54) Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs B) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered C) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones D) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation Answer: C 55) Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) derived from meat and fish only Answer: A 56) The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body B) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories Answer: A 57) Which of the following is NOT true of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? A) It is best calculated when the subject is in the absorptive state. B) It represents the amount of energy the body needs to perform only essential functions. C) It is measured when the subject is reclining and at rest. D) It should account for body surface area. Answer: A 58) When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________. A) acetyl CoA B) ammonia C) urea D) ketone bodies Answer: C 59) It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients B) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization C) very few foods contain vitamins D) vitamins provide protection against the common cold Answer: A 60) Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) calcium and phosphorus B) sodium and chlorine C) iron and selenium D) sulfur and potassium Answer: C 61) Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation B) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain C) gluconeogenesis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, lipolysis D) glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation Answer: D

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62) Catabolism of food molecules involves ________. A) glycogenesis C) hydrolysis reactions

B) dehydration reactions D) synthesis reactions

Answer: C 63) Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state B) elevates glucagon levels C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies Answer: C 64) The goal of cellular respiration is to _______. A) convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules B) provide the body with essential vitamins and minerals C) generate body heat D) convert polymers into monomers Answer: A 65) The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) lipogenesis B) glycogenesis C) lipolysis D) gluconeogenesis Answer: C 66) Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) lactic acid production B) oxidation reactions C) oxidative phosphorylation D) substrate- level phosphorylation Answer: C 67) Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high C) glucose levels drop slightly D) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane Answer: B 68) Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) blood B) brain

C) muscles

Answer: D 69) Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to ammonia C) converted to urea D) transferred to a keto acid Answer: D 70) Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) starvation period C) period when the metabolic rate is lowest Answer: D

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B) postabsorptive state D) absorptive state

D) liver

71) Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat- promoting center? A) release of epinephrine B) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels C) sympathetic sweat gland activation D) increase in ADH production Answer: A 72) Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glycogen is formed C) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water Answer: C 73) Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid B) formation of sugar C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water Answer: A 74) What is the outcome of ketosis? A) metabolic acidosis B) glucogenesis C) metabolic alkalosis D) water retention and edema E) glycogen buildup Answer: A 75) Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) No metabolism occurs. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) Only glucose metabolism occurs. D) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. Answer: D 76) In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies B) production of some hormones C) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes D) production of energy Answer: D 77) The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) phospholipids B) fatty acids

C) triglycerides

D) cholesterol

Answer: C 78) The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food- induced thermogenesis? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) vitamins D) proteins Answer: D

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79) Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) insulin B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine

D) growth hormone

Answer: A 80) Why is external respiration (breathing) necessary for cellular respiration? A) Inhaled oxygen is necessary for the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis. B) Inhaled oxygen is needed to bind to carbon atoms to form carbon dioxide during the citric acid cycle. C) Inhaled oxygen is necessary for receiving electrons and hydrogen ions from the electron transport chain. D) Inhaled oxygen provides the energy that drives cellular respiration. Answer: C 81) Which of the following is NOT an important function of the liver? A) protein metabolism B) synthesis of vitamin K C) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism D) synthesis of bile salts Answer: B 82) As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, the ________ continues to burn glucose while virtually every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids as its major energy source. A) brain B) pancreas C) liver D) spleen Answer: A 83) In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycogen B) glucagon C) acetyl Co A D) glycerol Answer: D 84) In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) oxaloacetic acid B) pyruvic acid C) ammonia D) glyceraldehyde Answer: C 85) Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production? A) sweating B) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels C) enhanced thyroxine release D) shivering Answer: A 86) Heat- loss enhancing mechanisms do NOT include ________. A) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing B) the evaporation of sweat C) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels D) reducing activity Answer: C 87) The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining basal metabolic rate (BMR). A) norepinephrine B) prolactin C) ADH D) thyroxine Answer: D 88) When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) lactic acid B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) amino acids Answer: B 9

89) The "thermostat" or temperature regulator of the body is the ________. A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pituitary

D) thyroid

Answer: A 90) When sitting on a cold park bench, body heat is transferred to the bench by ________. A) excretion B) conduction C) convection

D) radiation

Answer: B 91) During exercise, increased metabolic activity increases body heat, which then triggers sweating. Which of the following best describes the function of sweating? A) infrared radiation B) forced convection C) direct conduction D) sensible evaporation Answer: D 92) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a citric acid cycle intermediate. B) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage. C) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. D) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. Answer: C 93) Which of the following provides a good source of complex carbohydrates? A) vegetable oil B) fruit C) grain

D) chicken breast

Answer: C 94) Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) foods and beverages high in caffeine B) proteins C) fats D) vitamins and minerals Answer: C 95) Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria? A) citric acid (Krebs) cycle B) electron transport C) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid D) glycolysis Answer: D 96) Which of the following is NOT true of beta oxidation? A) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments. B) It occurs in the mitochondria. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) The carbon in the beta (third) position is oxidized during the process. Answer: C 97) Select the correct statement about proteins. A) All proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. B) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. C) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis. D) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. Answer: B

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98) In an oxidation- reduction reaction, the "reduced" reactant ________. A) gains negatively charged ions B) loses hydrogen ions C) gains electrons D) loses energy Answer: C 99) What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) beta oxidation B) cellular respiration C) phosphorylation D) glycolysis Answer: C 100) Which of the choices below is NOT a source of blood glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) catabolism of cellular protein B) absorption of glucose from the GI tract C) glycogenolysis in the liver D) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver Answer: B 101) Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate- level phosphorylation. B) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. C) Glycolysis relies on substrate- level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. D) Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Answer: D 102) Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish D) egg yolk, fish roe (eggs), and grains Answer: C 103) Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) adequate essential amino acids B) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet D) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation Answer: C 104) When blood is cooler than the hypothalamic set point, the person may ________. A) shiver B) pant C) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels D) perspire heavily Answer: A 105) Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) glycogenolysis C) lipogenesis

B) triglyceride anabolism D) protein anabolism

Answer: A 106) Which of the following is NOT a function of low- density- lipoproteins (LDLs)? A) assist in the storage of cholesterol when supply exceeds demand B) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for hormone synthesis D) ma...