Chapter 3 practice questions with answers PDF

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Chapter 3 practices questions with answers. This just practiced questions, not real exam questions. Use it for your own excerices....

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Exam Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which

of the following is NOT a major question addressed by the dispositional domain? many traits exist? B) How can we best measure traits? C) Which traits are unconscious? D) How do traits interact with situations to produce behaviour?

1)

A) How

Answer: C 2) The

dispositional domain deals with personality problems A) by examining important similarities and differences between people. B) by altering reward and punishment contingencies. C) through psychoanalysis. D) through cognitive therapy.

2)

Answer: A 3) The

dispositional domain focuses on traits that A) change over time. B) are similar in all people. C) are enduring over time. D) change when situations change.

3)

Answer: C 4) Which

of the following is NOT a fundamental question of people who study traits? can we identify which traits are most important? B) How can traits be changed? C) How can we develop a comprehensive taxonomy of traits? D) How should "trait" be defined?

4)

A) How

Answer: B 5) The

"traits as causes" perspective on personality characteristics is useful in all of the following areas EXCEPT A) ruling out alternative explanations for behaviour. B) explaining why a person's behaviour seems inconsistent with a trait at times. C) counting how often a behaviour is performed. D) viewing traits as internal structures. Answer: C

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5)

6) Ellen

works into the night studying for chemistry and biology examinations to reach her goal of entering medical school. She studies so hard that she often appears bored and uninterested in class. Which of the following trait formulations best explains Ellen's personality characteristics? A) Traits as genetic predisposition. B) Traits as purely descriptive summary. C) Traits as biological structure. D) Traits as internal causes.

6)

Answer: D 7) From

the "traits as descriptive summaries" point of view, which of the following would be the most convincing evidence that a person has a given trait? A) The person says that they have the trait. B) The person's behaviour is caused by situations. C) The person behaves in ways consistent with that trait. D) The person's traits are caused by biology and heredity.

7)

Answer: C 8) If

the trait of stinginess is viewed as a purely descriptive summary of behaviour, it can be 8) represented best by A) George not contributing for a gift for a stranger. B) Beth living with several roommates. C) Andrew always leaving a very small tip at restaurants. D) Mary's constant thoughts about spending too much money. Answer: B

9) Which

of the following is an example of the view that traits are descriptive summaries? A) Eysenck's theory B) The sociosexual orientation scale C) Theoretical scale construction D) The act frequency approach

9)

Answer: D 10) If you collect the central behaviours for a category and assess how frequently people

10)

perform those behaviours you would be using the act ________ approach to studying personality. A) frequency B) analysis C) selection D) manipulation Answer: A 11) A

robin is a more ________ example of a bird than is a penguin. A) aerodynamic B) specific C) elemental

11) D)

prototypical

Answer: D 12) The "frequency" part of the "act frequency approach" represents how often an individual

performs a behaviour in a period of time. This element of the act frequency approach is assessed by act ________ ratings. A) performance B) nomination C) occurrence D) repetition Answer: A

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12)

13) The

________ identifies how much of a trait a person has by counting relevant behaviours. A) theoretical approach to scale construction B) circumplex model C) rational approach to scale construction D) act frequency approach

13)

Answer: D 14) Which

of the following is NOT typically a step in the act frequency approach? A) Recording of act performance B) Assessing synonym frequency C) Act nomination D) Prototypicality judgment

14)

Answer: B 15) What

procedure do researchers use to identify the potential hundreds of acts that belong to a trait category? A) Act nominations B) Act performance C) Act likelihood D) Act effectiveness

15)

Answer: A 16) Roberto

is interested in studying the trait of empathy using the act frequency approach. He asks each of the participants in this phase of his study to write down several behaviours highly empathetic people might perform. Roberto collects a pool of 251 empathetic acts. This is called the act ________ procedure of the act frequency approach A) nomenclature B) nomothetic C) nominalization D) nomination

16)

Answer: D 17) ________

are/is used by the act frequency approach to figure out which acts are most central to a trait category. A) Act nominations B) Recording of act performance C) Prototypicality judgments D) Assessing synonym frequency

17)

Answer: C 18) If

the act "she made direct eye contact and smiled" is central to the category of flirting, it would be considered a(n) ________ act for that category of behaviour. A) effective B) prototypical C) likely D) centrifugal Answer: B

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18)

19) Which

of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the act frequency approach to studying personality? A) The amount of context for the performance of acts is not specified by the act frequency approach. B) The act frequency approach assesses explicit behavioural phenomenon. C) The act frequency approach does not assess acts that are covert or directly observable. D) The act frequency approach may not assess complex traits easily or accurately.

19)

Answer: B 20) The

approach that uses natural language to identify important traits is the ________ approach. A) lexical B) theoretical C) act frequency D) statistical

20)

Answer: A 21) The

idea that all important individual differences have been encoded within the natural language is known as A) a personality taxonomy. B) factor analysis. C) the projective hypothesis. D) the lexical hypothesis.

21)

Answer: D 22) The

lexical approach assumes that lexicon is an unchanging catalogue of human traits. B) humans invented words to describe all of the important personality traits. C) new words in the lexicon are better at describing personality traits than old words. D) statistical techniques, like factor analysis, are poor ways of discovering important personality traits.

22)

A) the

Answer: B 23) Dr. Larsen is interested in researching the personalities of dweebs. He collects all the

23)

terms in the Dweeb Talk Dictionary that can differentiate one dweeb from another dweeb. Dr. Larsen is the using the ________ approach to identifying important traits. A) maniacal B) prototypical C) statistical D) lexical Answer: D 24) If

a trait-descriptive word is found in only one or two languages the word A) is probably known only to personality psychologists. B) will probably be imported by other languages. C) will probably be important to a universal personality taxonomy. D) will probably not be included in a universal personality taxonomy.

Answer: D

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24)

25) Which

of the following would be one way that you might determine the importance of a trait using the lexical strategy? A) Determine if there are words representing each pole (end) of that trait in the language. B) Determine if that trait is represented in all parts of the lexicon (noun, verb, adjective, etc.). C) Find the number of synonyms for that characteristic in the lexicon. D) Examine the lexicon for biological words that represent that trait.

25)

Answer: C 26) Which

approach would most likely be used to undertake cross-cultural comparisons of language? A) Statistical approach B) Theoretical approach C) Act frequency approach D) Lexical approach

26)

Answer: D 27) If

a trait is sufficiently important that it appears in the lexicon of most human languages, then that trait demonstrates the concept of ________ universality. A) trait B) synonym C) cross-cultural D) act

27)

Answer: C 28) The

idea that Eskimo language has many words for snow is most consistent with the ________ approach. A) lexical B) act frequency C) statistical D) theoretical

28)

Answer: A 29) The

fact that there are trait-descriptive adjectives that few people know is a problem for the ________ approach. A) statistical B) lexical C) theoretical D) act frequency

29)

Answer: B 30) Which

of the following approaches would utilize the technique of factor analysis? A) Theoretical approach B) Statistical approach C) Lexical approach D) Act frequency approach

30)

Answer: B 31) When

Cattell used factor analysis to reduce the number of trait-descriptive adjectives in his pool, he was combining the ________ approaches. A) lexical and statistical B) theoretical and act frequency C) act frequency and statistical D) theoretical and statistical Answer: A

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31)

32) Factor

analysis can be applied to A) self-ratings on personality relevant statements. B) adjective ratings. C) a true/false questionnaire. D) All of the choices are correct.

32)

Answer: D 33) ________

is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items that are similar to each other. A) Orthogonality B) Rational scale construction C) Factor analysis D) The act frequency approach

33)

Answer: C 34) Factor

loadings indicate the ________ between an item and a factor. B) deviation C) analysis

A) kurtosis

34) D)

correlation

Answer: D 35) Which

of the following is useful in reducing the number of personality traits to a more manageable number? A) The act frequency approach B) Cross-cultural universality C) Factor analysis D) Synonym frequency

35)

Answer: C 36) A

problem with factor analysis is that A) it leads to an unmanageable number of traits. B) factor loadings are like correlations. C) it reduces the number of traits being studied. D) you can only identify traits that you include in your analysis.

36)

Answer: D 37) A researcher who defines a specific set of traits as a part of a model of personality before

37)

conducting any empirical investigation of that model of personality is taking the ________ approach to theory development. A) empirical B) theoretical C) statistical D) lexical Answer: B 38) Psychologists Simpson and Gangestad developed the concept of sociosexuality based on

evolutionary theory. Then they developed the sociosexual orientation inventory. They employed the ________ approach to developing a model of personality. A) statistical B) act frequency C) lexical D) theoretical Answer: D

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38)

39) Fred

believes that having a large big toe is related to how extraverted a person may be and having a large small toe is an indicator of how conscientious a person may be. He then starts measuring toe size and personality traits. Fred's research represents the ________ approach to studying personality. A) lexical B) theoretical C) act frequency D) statistical

39)

Answer: B 40) A Freudian scholar develops personality measures to assess oral, anal, and phallic

40)

fixations. The scholar is using the ________ approach to identifying important individual differences. A) psychoanalytic B) theoretical C) clinical D) regressive Answer: B 41) Which

of the following is a criticism of the theoretical approach? A) The approach can only be as good as the theory. B) It is theoretically based. C) It has restricted investigations to adjectives. D) It depends on the lexical hypothesis.

41)

Answer: A 42) Which

of the following researchers was born in Germany and wanted to study physics before studying psychology? A) Cattell B) Eysenck C) Leary D) Wiggins

42)

Answer: B 43) Whose

model of personality includes three main traits? B) Cattell C) Leary

A) Eysenck

43) D)

Wiggins

Answer: A 44) Which

taxonomy was developed by identifying traits that were thought to be heritable and thought to have biological substrates? A) PEN model B) The five-factor model C) Cattell's taxonomy of 16 traits D) The Leary circumplex

44)

Answer: A 45) A

worrier would likely score high on the trait of A) extraversion. B) psychoticism. neuroticism. C) D) quarrelsomeness.

Answer: C

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45)

46) Juanita is observed as being somewhat aloof and distant. She tends to lead a predictable

46)

and well-organized life. Juanita is demonstrating behaviours related to Eysenck's dimension of A) psychoticism. B) conscientiousness. C) introversion. D) agency. Answer: C 47) Fu is an excessive worrier, who always seems tense and has trouble sleeping. His friends

47)

report that Fu has very low self-esteem and is moody much of the time. Fu is demonstrating behaviours related to Eysenck's dimension of A) neuroticism. B) quarrelsomeness. C) introversion. D) psychoticism. Answer: A 48) A

person who is antisocial and lacks empathy would score high on the trait of A) psychoticism. B) extraversion. C) introversion. D) neuroticism.

48)

Answer: A 49) Jerry

is a loner who likes to catch flies and pull their wings off. He is also addicted to violent movies. Jerry most likely scores high on the personality trait of A) introversion. B) sensation seeking. C) neuroticism. D) psychoticism.

49)

Answer: D 50) Which

taxonomy includes a four-level hierarchy of specific acts, habitual acts, traits, and 50) super traits? A) The PEN model B) The Leary circumplex C) Cattell's taxonomy of 16 traits D) The five-factor model Answer: A

51) Eysenck

put the most important traits at A) the top of his hierarchy. B) the third level of his hierarchy. C) an intermediate level in his hierarchy. D) the bottom of his hierarchy.

51)

Answer: A 52) Which

of the following is NOT an attribute of Eysenck's taxonomy? Traits have physiological substrates. A) B) Traits are heritable. C) Hierarchical structure of traits. D) Traits have many synonyms.

Answer: D

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52)

53) According

to Eysenck, which of the following traits is related to central nervous system arousal and reactivity? A) Neuroticism B) Extraversion C) Dominance D) Psychoticism

53)

Answer: B 54) Eysenck's

taxonomy has been criticized on which one of these issues? did not take the physiological substrates of traits into consideration in his model. B) Eysenck failed to include some important personality traits in his model. C) There is a dispute about whether or not personality traits are arranged hierarchically. D) The traits in Eysenck's model are not heritable in the population.

54)

A) Eysenck

Answer: B 55) Which

of the following psychologists was born in England, moved to America, and used factor analysis to identify major traits? A) Eysenck B) Cattell C) Leary D) Wiggins

55)

Answer: B 56) Which

personality researcher named his traits with letters (similar to the way vitamins are named)? A) Cattell B) Wiggins C) Leary D) Eysenck

56)

Answer: A 57) Cattell's taxonomy A) 16

included ________ traits. B) five

57) C)

two

D)

three

Answer: A 58) Cattell

believed that the true factors of personality were based primarily in human biology. A) B) found across different sources of data. C) found only in the natural language. D) arranged in a circumplex.

58)

Answer: B 59) Cattell's

model of personality has been criticized on the grounds that A) his model of personality has failed to be replicated by other researchers. B) his empirical strategies were weak and ill-defined. C) his views on personality traits were biased and, therefore, were ignored by most researchers. D) he published over a thousand pages a year during his most productive years.

59)

Answer: A 60) Who

of the following was the first to propose a circumplex model of personality? A) Cattell B) Eysenck C) Wiggins D) Leary

Answer: D

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60)

61) ________

are traits that describe how people act with other people. A) Factor loadings B) Bipolar traits C) Adjacent traits D) Interpersonal traits

61)

Answer: D 62) Circumplex A) two

models are composed of ________ primary dimensions of personality. B) five C) eight D) three

62)

Answer: A 63) The

primary dimensions in Wiggins's circumplex model are love and A) status B) interpersonal behaviour. C) hate. D) neuroticism.

63)

Answer: A 64) Wiggins's

circumplex model of personality is limited to traits that to what people do to and with each other. B) show how people interact with the environment. C) were found in the LSD experiences of subjects. D) have a biological basis in the nervous system.

64)

A) pertain

Answer: A 65) Which

of the following is NOT a clear advantage of Wiggins's circumplex model of personality? A) The relationships between traits can be traced to biological-based traits. B) It alerts researchers to gaps in knowledge about some interpersonal behaviours. C) The relationship of each and every other trait is specified in the model. D) There is an explicit definition of the nature of interpersonal behaviour.

65)

Answer: A 66) The

concept of ________ holds that items near one another in a circumplex are positively correlated. A) bipolarity B) orthogonality C) factor loadings D) adjacency

66)

Answer: D 67) In

Wiggins's model of personality, bipolar traits are with other. B) on opposite sides of the circle. C) orthogonal with each other. D) related to clinical disorders.

67)

A) uncorrelated Answer: B 68) Traits

that are orthogonal ________ with each other. A) have a strong positive correlation B) are not correlated C) have a negative correlation D) are causally linked

Answer: B

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68)

69) ________

describes the relationship between traits that are perpendicular to one another in a circumplex. A) "Adjacency" B) "Orthogonality" C) "Polarity" D) "Bipolarity"

69)

Answer: B 70) In

Wiggins's circumplex, the traits of dominance and warmth-agreeableness are A) orthogonal. B) bipolar. C) polar opposi...