Chapter 4 Questions for Midterm PDF

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

CHAPTER 4 NEURAL CONDUCTION AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION: HOW NEURONS SEND AND RECEIVE SIGNALS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

“Reptilian stare” is sometimes used to describe the widely opened, unblinking eyes and motionless face of a. b. c. d. e.

Parkinson’s disease. multiple sclerosis. old age. infancy. Alzheimer’s disease.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction Type: Applied 2.

Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease because a. b. c. d. e.

dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the PNS. Parkinson’s disease is a cholinergic dysfunction. Parkinson’s disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction. d’Orta is the treatment of choice. dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction Type: Applied

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

3.

Parkinson’s disease is treated with a. b. c. d. e.

dopamine. serotonin. acetylcholine. norepinephrine. L-dopa.

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction Type: Applied 4.

A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between a. b. c. d. e.

neuron membranes. synapses and cell bodies. the inside and outside of a cell. nuclei and tracts. ganglia and nerves.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 5.

The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are a. b. c. d. e.

about the size of a neuron. too small to be seen with the naked eye. less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter. both B and C none of the above

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

6.

At rest, a. b. c. d. e.

a neuron has a membrane potential of about –70 mV. the electrical charge outside the neuron is 70 mV less than inside the neuron. a neuron is polarized. all of the above both A and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 7.

In its resting state, a neuron is said to be a. b. c. d. e.

polarized. depolarized. hypopolarized. hyperpolarized. firing.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 8.

Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged a. b. c. d. e.

membrane potentials. EPSPs. IPSPs. ions. crystals.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

9.

Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more a. b. c. d. e.

inhibitory neurotransmitters. neurotransmitters. Na+ ions. K+ ions. nuclei.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 10.

Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by a. b. c. d. e.

nonrandom assignment. electrostatic pressure. the sodium-potassium pump. selective ion channels. nonrandom movement.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual Rationale: Remember that sodium-potassium pumps move Na+ ions out of resting neurons. 11.

Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons? a. b. c. d. e.

random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients sodium-potassium pumps, which distribute Na+ and K+ ions equally both A and B both A and C

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual Rationale: Remember that sodium-potassium pumps transport sodium ions out of resting neurons.

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

12.

Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called a. b. c. d. e.

gap junctions. PSPs. ion channels. vesicles. connexons.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 13.

Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by a. b. c. d. e.

their high internal concentration. their high external concentration. the negative resting potential. both B and C none of the above

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 14.

Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting membrane potential by transporting a. b. c. d. e.

Na+ ions into neurons. K+ ions into neurons. Na+ ions out of neurons. both A and B both B and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

15.

According to the theory of Hodgkin and Huxley, a. b. c. d. e.

Na+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron. Na+ ions are continuously pumped into a resting neuron. K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron. K+ ions are continuously pumped out of a resting neuron. both A and B

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 16.

Contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane a. b. c. d. e.

is random ion movement. are electrostatic gradients. are sodium-potassium pumps. both A and B both B and C

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 17.

Sodium-potassium pumps are a. b. c. d. e.

integrators. refractory. transporters. excitatory. inhibitory.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

18.

EPSPs are a. b. c. d. e.

graded responses. postsynaptic responses. transmitted decrementally. depolarizations. all of the above

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 19.

A change in the resting potential of a postsynaptic dendrite from –70 mV to –72 mV is called a. b. c. d. e.

an IPSP. an EPSP. a depolarization. both A and C both B and C

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 20.

Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as a. b. c. d. e.

inhibitory is to excitatory. IPSPs are to EPSPs. APs are to IPSPs. APs are to EPSPs. many APs are to few APs.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

21.

IPSP is to EPSP as a. b. c. d. e.

graded is to nongraded. excitatory is to inhibitory. cable properties are to noncable properties. presynaptic is to postsynaptic. hyperpolarization is to depolarization.

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 22.

The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is a. b. c. d. e.

active. decremental. extremely rapid. all of the above both B and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 81 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 23.

How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out? a. b. c. d. e.

to the axon hillock to the terminal buttons no more than a couple of millimeters about 50 millimeters both B and D

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 81 Topic: Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

24.

Which of the following are membrane potentials? a. b. c. d. e.

EPSPs IPSPs APs all of the above both A and B

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 25.

Action potentials originate at the a. b. c. d. e.

terminal buttons. synapses. axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock. nodes of Ranvier. nucleus.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 81 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 26.

A neuron normally fires when a. b. c. d. e.

its sodium-potassium pumps are stimulated. there is an EPSP. there is an IPSP. the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation. its buttons are stimulated.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 81 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

27.

APs are said to be all-or-none: This means that all APs a. b. c. d. e.

are the same. in a particular neuron are the same. quickly or not at all. all of the above both A and C

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 28.

Another word for “integration” is a. b. c. d. e.

“firing.” “all-or-none.” “summation.” “release.” “activation.”

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 81 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 29.

There are three kinds of spatial summation and a. b. c. d. e.

one kind of temporal summation. two kinds of temporal summation. three kinds of temporal summation. four kinds of temporal summation. no such thing as temporal summation.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 81–82 Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual Rationale: This is not explicitly stated in the text; students must deduce the correct answer.

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

30.

Action potentials are produced by the a. b. c. d. e.

opening of voltage-activated sodium channels. closing of ligand-activated chloride channels. closing of ligand-activated potassium channels. opening of ligand-activated potassium channels. closing of voltage-activated calcium channels.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 31.

During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the a. b. c. d. e.

opening of sodium channels. closing of chloride channels. opening of chloride channels. closing of potassium channels. opening of potassium channels.

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 84 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 32.

The end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the a. b. c. d. e.

sodium channels close. sodium channels open. potassium channels open. potassium channels close. both A and D

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 84 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

33.

After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the a. b. c. d. e.

sodium-potassium pump. random movement of ions. refractory period. electrostatic gradient. EPSPs.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 85 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual Rationale: The text emphasizes that A is not the correct answer. 34.

The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential, when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron, is called the a. b. c. d. e.

threshold of excitation. threshold of inhibition. absolute refractory period. IPSP. relative refractory period.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 35.

The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential a. b. c. d. e.

keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body. increases the firing rate. increases the speed of axonal transmission. produces a second, negative action potential. produces saltatory conduction.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

36.

Neurons do not normally fire more than 1,000 times per second because a. b. c. d. e.

the absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. the relative refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. the total refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. the sodium-potassium pump cannot repolarize the cell in less than 1 millisecond. higher rates over excite the neuron.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 37.

The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the a. b. c. d. e.

absolute refractory period. relative refractory period. voltage gating in the buttons of the neuron. sodium-potassium pump. ligand gating in the buttons of the neuron.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 85 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 38.

Conduction of action potentials along an axon is a. b. c. d. e.

instantaneous. decremental. nondecremental. entirely passive. always saltatory.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

39.

Active conduction is to passive conduction as a. b. c. d. e.

IPSPs are to APs. EPSPs are to IPSPs. APs are to EPSPs. EPSPs are to APs. excitation is to inhibition.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 40.

The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of a. b. c. d. e.

nodes of Ranvier. voltage-activated ion channels. ligand-activated ion channels. myelin. EPSPs.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 41.

Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is a. b. c. d. e.

extremely rare. antidromic. orthodromic. both A and B both A and C

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 86 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

42.

Action potentials can be conducted a. b. c. d. e.

actively. passively. orthodromically. antidromically. all of the above

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 86 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 43.

Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons a. b. c. d. e.

is faster than in unmyelinated axons. is slower than in unmyelinated axons. is possible in only an antidromic direction. requires more energy than in unmyelinated axons. is always inhibitory.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 86 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 44.

In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about a. b. c. d. e.

the speed of light. 186,000 miles per second. 1 meter per second. 60 meters per second. 100 meters per second.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

45.

With respect to the maximum speed of axonal conduction in motor neurons, cats are to humans as a. b. c. d. e.

50 is to 100 meters per second. 80 is to 100 meters per second. 25 is to 100 meters per second. 82 is to 100 meters per second. 100 is to 60 meters per second.

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 87 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 46.

Neurons without axons do not a. b. c. d. e.

generate action potentials. exist. exist in mammals. exist in humans. produce inhibition.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 47.

In neurons without axons, conduction occurs entirely in the form of a. b. c. d. e.

passive, decrementally conducted potentials. action potentials. all-or-none potentials. saltatory conduction. excitation.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

48.

Axodendritic synapses a. b. c. d. e.

are rare. often terminate on the axon hillock. always terminate on dendrites. sometimes terminate on cell bodies. A and C

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons Type: Factual Rationale: By definition, C is correct. 49.

Prevalent in the cytoplasm of most terminal buttons are a. b. c. d. e.

nuclei. mitochondria. synaptic vesicles. all of the above both B and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 88 Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons Type: Factual 50.

Nondirected synapses a. b. c. d. e.

involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid. include string-of-beads synapses. involve the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across gap junctions. both A and B both B and C

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons Type: Factual

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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission

51.

Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by a. b. c. d. e.

axoaxonic synapses. axodendritic synapses. d...