Chapter 5 Penalty (Negative Punishment) PDF

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Principles of Behavior by Malott (7th) Ch:5...

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Chapter 5: Penalty (Negative Punishment) Punishment Contingency (Negative Punishment) - the response contingent removal of a reinforcer (positive reinforcer) resulting in a decreased frequency of that response Penalty Principle - a response becomes less frequent if loss of a reinforcer/decrease in a reinforcer has followed it in the past -

The reinforcer lost in a penalty contingency cannot be the one that’s maintaining the penalized response

Performance-Management Contingency - penalty by removal of a comfortable sleeping arrangement (ex. Byron going to parents’ bed) Response Cost - penalty procedure Mae & Bruce used when the reduced verbal threats & ‘aint’ -

Price you must pay for bad behavior

Response-Cost Contingency - the response-contingent removal of a tangible reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response -

Tangible meaning food, money, points, tokens, etc

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Requiring 100 pushups is NOT an example of response cost, it’s a response requirement

Time-Out Contingency - another type of penalty contingency; the response-contingent removal of access to a reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response -

Usually a brief time out of just a few minutes will do the trick

2 Types of Time-Outs: 1. Exclusionary Time Out - person is excluded from the immediate setting 2. Non-exclusionary Time Out - person remains in the immediate setting during time out a. Ex. sitting in a chair away from regular activities

Regarding Contingency Table: the contingent removal of a reinforcer is a penalty contingency and it causes a decrease in frequency

No one in the history of medicine/psychology had been able to solve problem of colic until Larson & Ayllon applied behavior analysis to its solution in this case of the colicky baby

For a third of failure-to-thrive infants, there is no physiological, anatomical, or medical cause, these cases are called non-organic -

Behavior analysis seems to hold the only solution for non-organic failure-to-thrive babies

Law of Effect - responses made just before pleasant events are more likely to be repeated whereas responses made just before an unpleasant event is more likely to diminish -

Satisfiers vs annoyers

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Most important law in psychology, but can be circular/subjective; so we say that the effects of our actions determine whether we will repeat them

When dealing with automatically reinforced behaviors there are a few options: -

Modify contingency by preventing the outcome

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Punishment by presentation of an aversive condition

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Punishment by removal of a reinforcer

Whenever you have a penalty contingency, you must also have a reinforcement contingency Evidence-Based Practices - practices with a solid research base, good practitioners should always try to use evidence based practices -

An example of how basic and applied research have contributed to applied work

2 Benefits of Basic Research 1. To help humanity 2. To add to human knowledge Response Cost vs. Time Out - response cost is the loss of a tangible reinforcer and time out is losing access to reinforcers -

Time out is usually the removal of the opportunity to make reinforced responses

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Response cost often involves tangible reinforcers (can also refer to non-tangible like approval/increase in effort)

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Time out usually involves activity reinforcers

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THEY ARE BOTH PENALTY CONTINGENCIES

Research Design - the way you arrange the various conditions of your experiment/intervention -

Reversal Design - an experimental design in which we reverse between intervention and baseline conditions to assess the effects of those conditions (type of research design) -

Sometimes we call the reversal design an ABA design, where A refers to baseline, B refers to experimental intervention, and A is reversal back to baseline

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Simple Baseline Design - no reversals, another type of research design

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Case Study - intervention without measuring performance during baseline (weak research design)...