Chapter 7 psych - Thinking, Intelligence, and Language PDF

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Thinking, Intelligence, and Language...

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Chapter 7: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language The Cognitive Revolution - Cognition: how information is processed and manipulated when remembering, thinking, and knowing - 1950’s: psychology resumes focus on the mind and mental processes - Computers: an analogy for the mind/brain - Artificial intelligence Thinking - Concepts - Mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics - Prototype model - Instances of a concept are understood/stored as a variation of a prototype of that concept Steps in problem solving - 1) find and frame the problem - 2)develop good problem-solving strategies - 3)evaluate solutions - 4) rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time Problem-solving obstacles - Fixation - Using a prior strategy only - Functional fixedness - Fixated on usual functions Reasoning - Mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions - Inductive reasoning - Driven by data; bottom up; specific...general - Deductive reasoning - Driven by logic; top down; general..specific Decision Making - Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them - Attempting to maximize outcome Reasoning and decision making - System 1- automatic - Rapid, heuristic, associative, intuitive - System 2- controlled - Slower, effortful, analytical Decision-making biases - Loss aversion - Prefer to avoid losses over acquiring gains - Confirmation bias - Search only for info that supports our ideas - Hindsight bias

- Report falsely that we predicted an outcome Availability heuristic - Predict probability based on ease of rexall - Base-rate neglect - Ignore info about general principles - Representativeness heuristic - Making judgments based on stereotypes Critical Thinking - Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence - Mindfulness - Alert and mentally present - Open mindedness - Receptive to new ways of looking at things Creative Thinking - Divergent versus convergent thinking - Characteristics of creative thinkers: - Brainstorm - Flexibility and playful thinking - Inner motivation - Willingness to face risk - Objective evaluation of work Intelligence - Definitions of intelligence reflect culture - Measuring intelligence - Validity - Reliability - Standardization Tests - Stanford-binet test - Mental age - Stern---intelligence quotient - Weschler - WAIS - WISC Influences on testing - Cultural bias in testing - Culture-fair-tests - Genetic influences on intelligence - Heritability - Increases with age - Environmental influences on intelligence - Omega 3 fatty acids - Early childhood education/preschool -

- Interactive reading with parents Extremes of intelligence - Giftedness: IQ is greater or equal to 130 - Terman: socially well adjusted and successful as adults - Importance of innate ability plus family support and training - Intellectual disability: IQ...