TB2 Chapter 9- Thinking and Language PDF

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Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of emotion. genetics. brain chemistry. thinking.

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Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototypes on the speed of object 2. recognition and identification. Which specialty area does this research best represent? personality psychology cognitive psychology biological psychology developmental psychology

1.

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3. A concept is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. a method of hypothesis testing involving trial and error. a best example of a particular category. a simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently.

When we use the term Hispanic to refer to a 4. category of people, we are using this word as a(n) concept. heuristic. algorithm. prototype.

5. A) B) C)

A best example of a category of objects, events, ideas, or people is called a(n) algorithm. concept. prototype.

D)

heuristic.

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Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________. category; prototype heuristic; algorithm algorithm; heuristic prototype; category

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When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha 7. immediately thinks of McDonald's. In this instance, McDonald's is a(n) algorithm. heuristic. prototype. fixation.

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Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal 8. because a cow more closely resembles their mammal prototype. hierarchy. heuristic. algorithm.

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Once we have categorized an object, our 9. memory of the object increasingly resembles the category algorithm. prototype. heuristic. mental set.

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People more easily detect male discrimination against women than female discrimination 10. against men because the former more closely resembles their discrimination

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heuristic. algorithm. prototype. fixation.

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People are quicker to recognize that sharp chest pain is a symptom of a heart attack than 11. that shortness of breath is a symptom of a heart attack. This is because sharp pain more closely matches their heart attack heuristic. algorithm. prototype. fixation.

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In testing thousands of different materials for use as light bulb filaments, Thomas Edison 12. best illustrated a problem-solving approach known as the availability heuristic. trial and error. belief perseverance. framing.

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Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called heuristics. fixations. prototypes. algorithms.

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Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the 14. one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of belief perseverance. an algorithm. the availability heuristic. framing.

13.

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15. Heuristics are methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems. mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. problem-solving strategies involving the use of trial and error. simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently.

16. A) B) C) D)

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Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that “it's 17. always best to stick with your first answer.” Anika's decision best illustrates the use of insight. an algorithm. trial and error. a heuristic.

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In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on prototypes. heuristics. insight. algorithms.

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called framing. insight. a heuristic. belief perseverance.

Suddenly understanding the double meaning of a joke best illustrates belief perseverance. the availability heuristic.

C) D)

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the framing effect. insight.

In one experiment, researchers were able to improve participants' insight by using 20. electrical stimulation to the left hemisphere to ________ its activity and the right hemisphere to ________ its activity. increase; decrease decrease; increase increase; increase decrease; decrease

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The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions is called the availability heuristic. confirmation bias. framing. overconfidence.

Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far 22. fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects of algorithms. confirmation bias. framing. convergent thinking.

Students were asked to figure out the rule used to devise the three-number sequence 2-4-6. After generating sets of three numbers 23. to learn whether their sets met the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rule. Their errors best illustrate the impact of

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divergent thinking. the availability heuristic. framing. confirmation bias.

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Myra has such low self-esteem that she is often on the lookout for critical comments 24. about her appearance and personality. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of confirmation bias. the framing effect. trial and error. algorithms.

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25. A fixation refers to an inability to sort items into categories. estimate the likelihood of events. view a problem from a fresh perspective. search for evidence that supports our ideas.

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Brainstorming sessions that encourage people 26. to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid heuristics. prototypes. divergent thinking. fixations.

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27. A mental set is a methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems. mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past. group of conclusions derived from certain assumptions or general principles.

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Kevin succeeds in getting his children to do chores by using threats. He fails to recognize that kindness would be even more effective in 28. gaining their cooperation. Kevin's shortsightedness best illustrates a consequence of intuition. the availability heuristic. an algorithm. a mental set.

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30. A) B) C) D)

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Our intuitions are feelings and thoughts that are best described as automatic. explicit. conscious. systematic.

The availability heuristic refers to our tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our judgments. estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily we remember instances of its occurrence. search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited.

Many people overestimate how long they actually remain awake during restless nights 31. because their moments of wakefulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep. This best illustrates the impact of framing. confirmation bias. the availability heuristic. mental sets.

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facsimile of a contest-winning check for over $5 million to encourage them to imagine 32. themselves as possible winners. The lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence of confirmation bias. belief perseverance. an algorithm. the availability heuristic.

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Emotion-laden images of unusual but vivid cases of abducted children may lead many 33. parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of a fixation. belief perseverance. confirmation bias. the availability heuristic.

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Recently experienced local weather conditions often have a greater impact on people's perceived threat of global climate 34. warming than less memorable scientific data regarding long-term planetary weather trends. This best illustrates the impact of confirmation bias. the framing effect. the availability heuristic. belief perseverance.

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After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly 35. overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of confirmation bias. the availability heuristic. fixation. belief perseverance.

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Many people underestimate the proportion of heart attacks that are not fatal because they 36. are not as memorable as heart attacks resulting in death. This illustrates the shortcoming of relying on an algorithm. trial and error. the availability heuristic. convergent thinking.

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In suggesting that our ancestral history has prepared us to fear snakes, psychologists are 37. emphasizing that what we fear is influenced by genetic factors. belief perseverance. the availability heuristic. framing.

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Many people perceive carjackings as more serious threats to their lives than failing to use 38. seatbelts because carjackings are so much more memorable. This best illustrates the importance of belief perseverance. intrinsic motivation. confirmation bias. the availability heuristic.

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Steve was sure he answered at least 70 questions correctly on his biology test. In fact, 39. he was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates the framing effect. confirmation bias. belief perseverance. overconfidence.

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Failing to recognize our potential for error is best demonstrated by convergent thinking. the availability heuristic. overconfidence. framing.

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After taking two years of economics courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough about 41. business to become a millionaire. Lionel should become more aware of the availability heuristic. algorithms. belief perseverance. overconfidence.

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Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete 42. assignments. This best illustrates the impact of the framing effect. the availability heuristic. an algorithm. overconfidence.

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People who err on the side of overconfidence are especially likely to use algorithms to solve problems. appear less credible to others. avoid confirmation bias. live more happily.

Weather forecasters typically avoid 44. overconfidence when making weather predictions because they work with computer-generated algorithms. rely on prototypes for making category judgments.

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use heuristics to avoid premature conclusions. promptly receive clear feedback on their accuracy.

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Experimental participants reviewed two research studies, one supporting and the other refuting the crime-deterring effectiveness of capital punishment. Afterward, the opinions of those who initially favored the use of 45. capital punishment became ________ favorable toward its use. The opinions of those who initially opposed the use of capital punishment became ________ favorable toward its use. more; more less; more less; less more; less

46. Belief perseverance refers to a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions. approaching a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past. a methodical procedure that guarantees the eventual solution of a problem. clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

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An effort to “consider the opposite” would be most likely to inhibit the availability heuristic. belief perseverance. divergent thinking. insight.

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People are often positively impressed by research that supports their own point of view. Asking them whether they would have been 48. equally impressed by the same research if it had provided results that disputed their point of view is likely to inhibit divergent thinking. concept formation. belief perseverance. insight.

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Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, 49. many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates the framing effect. the planning fallacy. belief perseverance. the availability heuristic.

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Sophie has an unrealistically negative self50. image, which no one seems able to change. This best illustrates the impact of the availability heuristic. belief perseverance. framing. overconfidence.

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Encouraging people to elaborate on why their 51. own personal views on an issue are correct is most likely to promote divergent thinking. the framing effect. insight. belief perseverance.

52. Framing refers to

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a methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems. the way in which a problem or issue is phrased or worded. the grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people into a category. a simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently.

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Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told people they had a 10 percent chance 53. of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates the importance of the availability heuristic. belief perseverance. confirmation bias. framing.

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In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's 54. support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of belief perseverance. mental sets. a fixation. framing.

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People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 of every 10,000 people 55. feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is one-tenth of 1 percent. This best illustrates the importance of a fixation. overconfidence. confirmation bias. framing.

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retirement plan typically had to lower their take-home pay as they “opted in” to the plan. Now companies are being encouraged to enroll their employees in the 401(k) plan 56. automatically while allowing them to choose to raise their take-home pay by “opting-out” of the 401(k) plan. Under the “opt out” rather than “opt-in” system, enrollments in 401(k) plans soared. This best illustrates the impact of overconfidence. confirmation bias. framing. belief perseverance.

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Many people are less supportive of paying a “carbon tax” than of paying an equivalent cost 57. in the form of a “carbon offset” fee. This best illustrates the impact of the availability heuristic. confirmation bias. overconfidence. framing.

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Without being aware of it, we often use 58. highly adaptive heuristics. This best illustrates the value of intuition. belief perseverance. fixation. algorithms.

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Professional hockey players can make correct 59. game moves at such speed that their acquired expertise feels like an algorithm. divergent thinking. extrinsic motivation. intuition.

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People's automatic, unconscious associations with a political position can predict their 60. future decisions before they consciously make up their minds. This best illustrates the power of prototypes. intuition. algorithms. overconfidence.

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Newlyweds' automatic gut reactions to their new spouses predict their future marital 61. happiness. This best illustrates the informative value of algorithms. intuition. fixations. divergent thinking.

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After gathering extensive information about the colleges she was interested in attending, Krista let the information “incubate” outside 62. her conscious awareness for several days. This provided time for her decision to be potentially enhanced by the framing effect. confirmation bias. an algorithm. intuition.

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Experienced chicken sexers can tell you a chick's sex at a glance, yet cannot tell you 63. how they do it. Their acquired expertise is such an automatic habit that it feels like an algorithm. a fixation. intuition. divergent thinking.

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64. Creativity is the ability to experience insight. develop prototypes. solve problems quickly. produce novel and valuable ideas.

65. Divergent thinking involves expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem. estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. a methodical procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. overestimating the accuracy of one's beliefs.

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Narrowing available problem solutions to the single best solution illustrates divergent thinking. confirmation bias. the availability heuristic. convergent thinking.

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A person who can effectively identify the best 67. possible answers to multiple-choice test questions best illustrates a mental set. convergent thinking. the availability heuristic. belief perseverance.

66.

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People who make outstanding creative 68. contributions to the arts or sciences are most likely to be unusually sensitive to criticism of their ideas. receive above-average scores on tests of divergent thinking. avoid the use of heuristics.

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be strongly motivated to attain fame and fortune.

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Injury to certain areas of the ________ lobes 69. can destroy imagination while leaving reading, writing, and arithmetic skills intact. frontal parietal occipital temporal

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70. The factors associated with creativity include impulsivity and empathy. expertise and a venturesome personality. a need for control and belief perseverance. intuition and overconfidence.

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Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and 71. fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by intuition. a venturesome personality. incubation. extrinsic motivation.

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Students who have spent time living abroad 72. and experiencing other cultures are more adept at creative problem solving. generating algorithms. convergent thinking. forming concepts.

A) B)

73. Alex was an African Grey parrot who could indicate which of two numbers was greater. use a flexible stick for fishing termites.

demonstrate self-awareness by recognizing himself in a mirror. display insight as well as most 3-year-old children.

C) D)

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Psychologist Wolfgang Köhler placed a piece of fruit and a long stick outside chimpanzee 74. Sultan's cage. Inside the cage he placed a short stick. After gaining insight into the solution of the problem, Sultan used the short stick to try reachin...