TB2 Chapter 7- Learning PDF

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1. A) B) C) D)

2. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called association. learning. spontaneous recovery. shaping.

Learning that certain events occur together is called higher-order conditioning. respondent behavior. observational learning. associative learning.

When given a red pen rather than a black pen 3. for correcting essays, people spot more errors. This best illustrates the subtle impact of learned associations. behaviorism. spontaneous recovery. unconditioned responding.

A) B) C) D)

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a reward. acquisition. stimulus. operant.

A) B) C) D)

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an 5. impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery. observational learning. classical conditioning.

4.

A) B) C) D)

An automatic response to some stimulus is called associative learning. respondent behavior. observational learning. operant behavior.

A) B) C) D)

Eva's heart rate accelerated when she was 7. confronted by a large snake while hiking. Her accelerated heart rate is an example of operant behavior. spontaneous recovery. respondent behavior. a conditioned stimulus.

A) B) C) D)

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt 8. people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. observational learning. operant conditioning.

6.

9. A) B) C) D)

10. A) B) C) D)

An action that influences the environment and is maintained by its consequences is called an unconditioned response. an operant behavior. a conditioned response. a respondent behavior.

Which of the following is most clearly an operant behavior? blinking salivating complaining blushing

11. A) B) C) D)

we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed. This best illustrates the importance of respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. cognitive learning. operant conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

12. One form of cognitive learning is called observational learning. classical conditioning. spontaneous recovery. operant conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying “thank you,” Betty began 13. doing the same with the expectation of receiving praise from adults. This best illustrates respondent behavior. classical conditioning. observational learning. spontaneous recovery.

14. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is John Locke. Rosalie Rayner. David Hume. Ivan Pavlov.

15. Who introduced the term behaviorism? John Locke John B. Watson Rosalie Rayner Ivan Pavlov

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

16. John B. Watson emphasized that learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated. unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition. both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

17. A neutral stimulus is an event or situation that evokes an unconditioned response. signals that an operant behavior will be rewarded. triggers a conditioned response. elicits no response prior to classical conditioning.

An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see 18. or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n) secondary conditioner. neutral stimulus. discriminative response. unconditioned stimulus.

19. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C)

Which of the following did Pavlov use as a neutral stimulus in his studies of salivation? a touch on the leg the sight of a light the sound of a tone He used all of these stimuli.

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate 20. because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the ringing bell. salivation to the ringing bell. food in the mouth.

D)

salivation to the food in the mouth.

21. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food 22. triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the US. UR. CS. CR.

23. A) B) C) D)

24. A) B) C) D)

25. A) B) C) D)

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? salivating at the sight of a lemon raising your hand to ask a question jerking your hand off a very hot stove walking into a restaurant to eat

Through classical conditioning we learn to link a CS with a US. a response with a reward. a US with a UR. primary and secondary conditioners.

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n) conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned response.

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was salivation to the sound of a tone. salivation to the taste of food. the sound of a tone. the taste of food.

A) B) C) D)

If the sound of the refrigerator door opening causes a child to salivate because it has 26. previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the door opening is a(n) conditioned response. unconditioned response. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus.

A) B) C) D)

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud 27. noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the US. UR. CS. CR.

A) B) C) D)

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was the taste of food. salivation to the taste of food. the sound of a tone. salivation to the sound of a tone.

A) B) C) D)

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are 29. presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned response.

28.

The stage of classical conditioning when a 30. neutral stimulus first begins triggering a conditioned response is called

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

association. acquisition. observational learning. discrimination.

The smell of ammonia that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical 31. procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of spontaneous recovery. generalization. acquisition. discrimination.

32. A) B) C) D)

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the NS should be presented shortly after the CR. shortly after the US. shortly before the US. at the same time as the US.

A) B) C) D)

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been 33. associated with the presentation of a female quail. In this instance, the female quail is a UR. US. CR. CS.

A) B) C) D)

If a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation, then a light that becomes 34. associated with the tone may also begin to trigger salivation. This best illustrates spontaneous recovery. observational learning. higher-order conditioning. discrimination.

35. A) B) C) D)

When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called discrimination. generalization. secondary conditioning. extinction.

A) B) C) D)

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone 36. without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred. generalization higher-order conditioning discrimination extinction

A) B) C) D)

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. 37. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone spontaneous recovery. extinction. generalization. discrimination.

A)

B) C) D)

38. Spontaneous recovery refers to the expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive. organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS. repetition of operant behaviors that are rewarded. reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

A) B) C) D)

Which of the following provides evidence 39. that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? higher-order conditioning spontaneous recovery generalization discrimination

A) B) C) D)

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when 40. he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates higher-order conditioning. discrimination. spontaneous recovery. operant behavior.

A) B) C) D)

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called spontaneous recovery. discrimination. acquisition. generalization.

A) B) C) D)

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is 42. fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates operant behavior. generalization. an unconditioned response. spontaneous recovery.

41.

43. A) B)

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of operant conditioning. observational learning.

C) D)

generalization. spontaneous recovery.

A) B) C) D)

When toddlers are classically conditioned to fear moving cars, they also become afraid of 44. moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates the process of spontaneous recovery. observational learning. generalization. higher-order conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of 45. getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of observational learning. spontaneous recovery. generalization. higher-order conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

In classical conditioning, discrimination refers 46. to the learned ability to distinguish between a ________ and other irrelevant stimuli. US UR CS CR

A) B) C) D)

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to 47. the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of higher-order conditioning. extinction. spontaneous recovery. discrimination.

A) B) C) D)

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle 48. but not a bicycle. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates extinction. spontaneous recovery. discrimination. higher-order conditioning.

D)

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned. it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively. of all of these reasons.

A) B) C) D)

Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they 50. associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery. classical conditioning. observational learning.

A) B) C) D)

Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in 51. which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) ________ for drug cravings. UR CR US CS

49. A) B) C)

A) B) C) D)

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a 52. white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. secondary conditioner. neutral stimulus.

A) B) C) D)

Antonio's football coach frequently yells at him for swearing. As a result, Antonio now 53. experiences anxiety when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n) ________ for Antonio's anxiety. neutral stimulus conditioned stimulus secondary conditioner unconditioned stimulus

A) B) C) D)

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force 54. himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear. generalization discrimination spontaneous recovery extinction

A) B) C) D)

A type of learning in which behavior is 55. strengthened if followed by a reinforcer is called delayed conditioning. classical conditioning. primary conditioning. operant conditioning.

Learning associations between one's own 56. personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

A) B) C) D)

classical conditioning. primary conditioning. partial reinforcement. operant conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a 57. week, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of primary reinforcement. classical conditioning. spontaneous recovery. operant conditioning.

A) B) C) D)

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no 58. longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of negative reinforcement. classical conditioning. conditioned reinforcers. operant conditioning.

59. A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was B. F. Skinner. Ivan Pavlov. John B. Watson. Edward L. Thorndike.

60. The law of effect refers to the tendency to learn associations between consecutive stimuli. learn in the absence of reinforcement. repeat rewarded behaviors and discontinue punished behaviors. make a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus.

A) B) C) D)

An enclosure containing a bar or key that an 61. animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer is called a(n) time-out room. operant chamber. unconditioned stimulus. observational platform.

A) B) C) D)

Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. 62. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning. operant chamber variable-ratio schedule Pavlovian maze fixed-ratio schedule

A) B) C) D)

A) B) C) D)

63. A reinforcement is any event that satisfies a biological need. triggers feelings of pleasure. elicits respondent behavior. increases the frequency of a preceding response.

Skinner developed a procedure to guide a rat's 64. actions toward a desired behavior. The procedure is known as shaping. spontaneous recovery. secondary conditioning. variable-interval scheduling.

65. A) B) C)

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called generalization. intermittent reinforcement. shaping.

D)

secondary reinforcement.

A) B) C) D)

Soccer instruction that reinforces short kicks 66. before attempting to reinforce long kicks best illustrates the process of shaping. fixed-interval scheduling. discrimination. delayed reinforcement.

A) B) C) D)

To teach an animal to perform a complex 67. sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as delayed reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. generalization. shaping.

A) B) C) D)

On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time. On 68. Wednesday, she gave him cookies only after he played quietly for a full half hour. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through secondary reinforcement. spontaneous recovery. shaping. fixed-ratio scheduling.

69. A) B) C)

Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to avoid the use of negative reinforcement to motivate effective study. reinforce effective study with primary rather than secondary reinforcers. reinforce effective study on a fixed-interval schedule.

D)

reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills.

A) B) C) D)

After his mother smiles, Jimmy's request for a snack is reinforced. But if his mother is not smiling, his subsequent request for a snack is 70. not reinforced. By indicating that Jimmy's request for a snack will be reinforced, the mother's smile is a(n) primary reinforcer. discriminative stimulus. respondent behavior. unconditioned response.

A) B) C) D)

A positive reinforcer is anything that when 71. ________ a response, strengthens the response. introduced before removed after introduced after removed before

A) B) C) D)

Mandisa always picked up her infant daughter when she screamed because she couldn't have the toy she wanted. As a result, her daughter 72. screams whenever she doesn't get her way. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) _________ for screaming. negative reinforcer conditioned stimulus positive reinforcer unconditioned stimulus

A)

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he 73. loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums. negative reinforcer

B) C) D)

conditioned stimulus positive reinforcer punishment

74. A) B) C) D)

75. A) B) C) D)

Escape from a punishing event is a ________ reinforcer. positive negative partial delayed

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows. strengthens eliminates suppresses but does not eliminate has an unpredictable effect on

A) B) C) D)

A mother frequently picks up her crying infant boy because the baby typically stops 76. crying as soon as he is held. In this case, the mother is ________ when her son stops crying. positively punished negatively reinforced negatively punished positively reinforced

A) B) C) D)

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine 77. drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer. secondary partial negative positive

A) B) C) D)

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill 78. biological needs are called ________ reinforcers. fixed primary positive continuous

79. A) B) C) D)

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer? applause for an excellent trumpet solo a grade of “A” for an excellent essay $5.00 for washing the car a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day

A) B) C) D)

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a discriminative stimulus. primary reinforcer. delayed reinforcer. respondent behavior.

A) B) C) D)

Receiving money as a reward and having a 81. monetary fine suspended are both ________ reinforcers. ...