Chapter One Lecture Notes PDF

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Chapter 1 Online Lecture Notes from skeletal outline...

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Chapter 1: read sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, and 1.6 Learning Outcomes: 1. Define anatomy and physiology. Anatomy: study of structure and parts of the body and the relationship to each other; how the parts are related to one another. Physiology: study of the function of the body’s machinery; the way the body parts function. 2. From smallest to largest, list and define the body’s six levels of organization. The Body’s Six Levels of Organization: Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism. 1. Chemical Level: includes atoms, how they come together to form bonds and molecules. Molecules are the basis for the rest of the structural levels. - Involves interactions between atoms, which are tiny building blocks of matter. Atoms combine to form molecules, such as water, sugar, lipids, and proteins. The function of a molecule is intimately related to its structure. 2. Cell Level: smallest unit of life; made up of many molecules; come together to form tissues. - Molecules combine to form organelles (little organs), which are the small structures inside cells. For example, the nucleus is an organelle that contains the cell’s hereditary information. 3. Tissue Level: groups of cells (do not have to be of the same type). There are four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. - Is composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue. 4. Organ Level: composed of at least one tissue type and has a particular function. -The urinary bladder, heart, stomach, and lung are examples of organs.

5. Organ System Level: group of organs working together to preform a particular set of functions. - For example, the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys produce urine, which the ureters transport to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until being eliminated from the body through the urethra. There are 11 major organ systems: the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. 6. Organism Level: is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human. - The human organism is a network of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one another. 3. Describe six characteristics of life. The Six Characteristics of Life: Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness and Irritability, Growth, Development, and Reproduction 1. Organization: recognizes patterns. 2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur in the body. 3. Responsiveness and Irritability: response to changes in the environment. 4. Growth: changes in size. refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism. 5. Development: cells divide and make up a mass of cells; cells become different from each other; learn and gain skills. 6. Reproduction: the formation of new cells or new organisms. 4. Define homeostasis. Homeostasis: maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. 5. Describe the three components of homeostasis mechanisms. The Three Components of Homeostasis Mechanisms: Receptor, Controll Center, and Effector. 1. Receptor: monitors environment and detects stimulus. 2. Control Center: analyzes input and determines response. 3. Effector: responds to stimulus.

6. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback. Provide an example of each. 1. Feedback Mechanism: process that uses one component to regulate another, either through positive or negative feedback. 2. Positive Feedback: when deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater. At times, this type of response is required to -re-achieve homeostasis. (RESPONSE IS TO MAKE THE DEVIATION GREATER) -Example: Breastfeeding is a positive feedback loop; as the baby suckles, the mother’s pituitary gland produces more of the hormone prolactin, which causes more milk to be produced. 3. Negative Feedback: maintains homeostasis. Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted; therefore the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller. (RESPONSE DEPRESSES OR REDUCES STIMULUS) -Example: Human body temperature - The hypothalamus of a human responds to temperature fluctuations and responds accordingly. If the temperature drops, the body shivers to bring up the temperature and if it is too warm, the body will sweat to cool down due to evaporation. The Differences Between Positive and Negative Feedback: -Compare: both work to maintain a stable internal body; they just do that in different ways -Contrast: Positive feedback amplifies the problem, making the problem appear to be worse, like the example in childbirth. Another example of positive feedback is when one gets an infection that goes untreated, positive feedback will raise your temperature to absurd lengths, which is not always healthy. Negative feedback strictly works against the problem, knocking it down quickly. 7. Define the following terms: anatomical position, supine, prone, superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, cephalic, caudal, ventral, dorsal, proximal, distal, medial, lateral, superficial, deep. 1. Anatomical Position: body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward. 2. Supine: lying face up. 3. Prone: lying face down.

Directional Terms — 1. Superior (cephalic): towards the head; a structure above another. -Example: The chin is superior to the navel. 2. Inferior (caudal): lower or away from the head; a structure below another. -Example: The navel is inferior to the chin. 3. Anterior (ventral): the front of the body. -Example: The navel is anterior to the spine. 4. Posterior (dorsal): the back of the body. -Example: The spine is posterior to the breastbone. 5. Cephalic: closer to the head than another structure (usually synonymous with superior). -Example: The chin is cephalic to the navel. 6. Caudal: closer to the tail than another structure (usually synonymous with inferior). -Example: The navel is caudal to the chin. 7. Ventral: toward the belly (synonymous with anterior). -Example: The navel is ventral to the spine. 8. Dorsal: toward the back (synonymous with posterior). -Example: The spine is dorsal to the breastbone. 9. Proximal: closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure. -Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist. 10. Distal: farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure. -Example: The wrist is distal to the elbow. 11. Medial: toward the midline of the body. -Example: The nose is medial to the eye. 12. Lateral: away from the midline of the body. -Example: The nipple is lateral to the breastbone. 13. Superficial: toward or on the surface. -Example: The skin is superficial to muscle. 14. Deep: away from the surface, internal. -Example: The lungs are deep to the ribs.

8. Recognize a basic description of each of the 11 major systems of the human body. The Eleven Major Systems in the Human Body: 1. Cardiovascular System: transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste. -Example: heart, arteries, vein, capillaries. 2. Endocrine System: all glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones, usually particular hormone affects particular group. -Example: Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands. 3. Digestive System: receives foods and breaks them down into simpler forms that can pass through the cell membrane and be absorbed. -Example: mouth, esophagus, stomach , small intestine. 4. Integumentary System: skin and various organs. -Example: hair, sweat glands, oil glands, and nails. 5. Lymphatic System: defend body against infection by removing disease causing bacteria. -Example: Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus glands, and spleen. 6. Muscular System: aids in movement. -Example: muscles. 7. Nervous System: uses nerve impulses to communicate electrochemical signals. -Example: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs. 8. Reproductive System: produces a whole new organism like itself. -Example: (Male) Scrotum, testes, penis, urethra; (Female) Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina. 9. Respiratory System: take air in and out and exchange gases between the blood and air. -Example: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. 10. Skeletal System: gives your shape, support, movement, and produces blood. -Example: Bones 11. Urinary System: removes waste from the blood and help maintain the body's water and electrolyte balance. -Example: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra...