Chem AP Formula Sheet - Lecture notes 2 PDF

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AP Chemistry Formulas part 2
Mrs. Baine as the teacher...

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AP Chemistry Equations & Constants Throughout the test the following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted. L, mL g nm atm

= = = =

liter(s), milliliter(s) gram(s) nanometer(s) atmosphere(s)

mm Hg J, kJ V mol

= = = =

millimeters of mercury joule(s), kilojoule(s) volt(s) mole(s)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE E = energy E = hν c = λν

ν = frequency λ = wavelength Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 × 10−34 J s Speed of light, c = 2.998 × 108 m s−1 Avogadro’s number = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1 Electron charge, e = −1.602 × 10−19 coulomb

EQUILIBRIUM Kc = Kp =

[C]c [D]d , where a A + b B R cC+dD [A]a [B]b

Equilibrium Constants

( PC ) c( PD ) d

Kc (molar concentrations)

a

( PA ) ( PB )

Kp (gas pressures)

b

Ka (weak acid) Kb (weak base)

Ka =

[H+ ][A- ] [HA]

Kb =

[OH -][HB + ] [B]

Kw (water)

Kw = [H+][OH−] = 1.0 × 10−14 at 25°C = Ka × K b pH = −log[H+], pOH = −log[OH−−] 14 = pH + pOH pH = pKa + log

[A - ] [HA]

pKa = −logKa , pKb = −logKb KINETICS ln[A] t − ln[A] 0 = − kt

1 -

[A ] t

1

[A ]0

= kt

t ½ = 0.693

k

k = rate constant t = time t ½ = half-life

GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS PV = nRT P A = P total × XA, where XA =

moles A total moles

P total = P A + P B + P C + . . . n=

m M

K = °C + 273 D=

m

KE per molecule =

V 1 mv 2 2

Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution A = abc

THERMOCHEMISTRY/ ELECTROCHEMISTRY

q = mcD T DS D = Â SD products -Â S D reactants D HD = Â D HfD products -Â D HfD reactants D GD = Â D GfD products -Â D GfD reactants D GD = D HD - TD SD = -RT lnK = -n F E D I



q t

P= V= T = n= m= M = D= KE = Ã = A= a= b= c =

pressure volume temperature number of moles mass molar mass density kinetic energy velocity absorbance molar absorptivity path length concentration

Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 = 0.08206 L atm mol - 1 K - 1 = 62.36 L torr mol- 1 K- 1 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr STP = 0.00D C and 1.000 atm

q m c T SD

= = = =

heat mass specific heat capacity temperature

= standard entropy D H = standard enthalpy GD = standard free energy n = number of moles ED = standard reduction potential I = current (amperes) q = charge (coulombs) t = time (seconds) Faraday’s constant,F = 96, 485 coulombs per mole of electrons 1 joule 1volt = 1 coulomb...