Class XI SALT Analysis PDF

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Salt Analysis and it's practicals I hope...

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Practical Chemistry

SALT-3-Ammonium Acetate

EXPERIMENT I.

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Priliminary Tests : a)

Colour :

b) State c)

+2

, Fe

+2

+2

+2

White

Cu

, Ni

& Mn

Crystalline

Cations may be absent.

Flame test : Clean the platinum wire by

Colour flame is not observed

dipping in con.HCl and heat

Ca

+2

, Sr

(or) Mn

+2

+2

,Ba

+2

,Cu

+2

, Pb

+2

, Zn

+2

are absent

it on flame upto no colour appears. Now, prepare the paste of con.HCl + salt in watch glass, then introduce this paste by platinum wire loop into the flame. d) Action of heat : A small quantity of salt is

May be Acetate –

taken in a dry test tube and

(CH COO ) ion is present. 3

strongly heated. II.

s n o i t a c i l b u

Charateristics smell of vinegar

Identification of Anion :

P i n a n a J a) Action of dil.HCl :

–

A small quantity of salt is

Colourless vapours with smell

May be Acetate (CH COO )

taken in a dry test tube and

of vinegar is evolved and

ion is present

dil.HCl is added.

which turns blue litmus to red.

3

III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract :

To a small amount of the salt, add twice the amount of sodium carbonate, a few ml of distilled water and

boil it for five minutes. It is filtered and the filtrate is known as sodium carbonate extract.

IV.

Confirmation test for Acetate ion : a)

Action of Neutral FeCl

3

solution : –

To the small quantity of salt

Deep Red filtrate is formed.

Acetate (CH COO )

is taken in a test tube and

On boiling above

ion is confirmed.

neutral FeCl

water is becomes brownish red ppt.

3

solution is

solution with

3

added. b)

Esterification test : To the salt solution conc. H SO 2

4

Fruity odour is obtained.

and C H OH 2

5

Acetate

(CH COO 3

–

)

ion is confirmed.

are added and heated. It poured into water V.

Identification of Cation : Preparation of original salt solution : Original salt solution can be prepared by dissolving excess amount of given salt in a suitable solvent.

21

Practical Chemistry

+

VI. Test for Ammonium (NH

4

) ion :

Reaction with NaOH : To the small quantity of salt is

colour less gas with pungent

Ammonium (NH

taken in a dry test tube a few

smell of ammonia (NH ) is

drops of NaOH solution is

evolved and gives dense white

added and heated strongly.

fumes (NH Cl) with glass rod

+ 4

)

cation may be present.

3

4

when dipped in conc.HCl Note: If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium Cation.

Group

Group Reagents

Name of the Precipitate

Name of the Cation

(Identification Tests of cations)

a) b)

White ppt. PbCl

Salt solution + dil. HCl is added

+2

Lead (Pb

) absent

Salt solution + dil.HCl + H S 2

+2

Black ppt. CuS is not formed.

gas passed

c)

is not formed.

2

Salt solution + NH Cl salt + NH OH solution is added

) absent +3

s n o i t a c i l b u

White gelatinous ppt.Al(OH)

4

Copper (Cu

3

is

Aluminium (Al

) absent

not formed.

4

Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)

2

is not

Ferrous (Fe

+2

) absent

formed. e)

White ppt. ZnS is not formed.

Zinc (Zn

NH OH solution + H S gas

Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not

Manganese (Mn

passed

formed.

4

4

2

P i n a n a J

f)

Salt solution + NH Cl salt + 4

NH OH solution +(NH ) CO 4

4

2

is not formed.

Calcium (Ca

is not formed.

Barium (Ba

3

3

3

is not formed.

NH OH solution +(NH )CO + 4

4

Na HPO 2

4

+2

White ppt. CaCO

White ppt. is not formed

4

+2

Nickel (Ni

White ppt. SrCO

Salt solution + NH Cl salt +

) absent

Black ppt. NiS is not formed.

White ppt. BaCO

3

solution is added

g)

+2

Salt solution + NH Cl salt +

) absent

) absent +2

+2

) absent

) absent

Strontium (Sr

+2

) absent +2

Magnesium (Mg

)

absent

3

solution is added

VII. Confirmation Tests for Ammonium : Action of Nessler’s reagent : To the salt solution Nessler’s

Reddish Brown colour ppt. is .

reagent [K HgI ] is added.

formed (Iodide of Million’s base)

2

VIII.

4

Report : The given Cation is :Ammonium (NH

+ 4

) –

The given Anion is : Acetate (CH COO ) 3

The given salt is

22

: Ammonium Acetate [NH (CH COO)] 4

3

Ammonium (NH

+ 4

)

cation is confirmed

Practical Chemistry

SALT-4-Ammonium Bromide

EXPERIMENT I.

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Priliminary Tests : +2

+2

+2

White

Cu

b) State :

Crystalline

Cations may be absent.

c)

, Fe

+2

a) Colour :

, Ni

& Mn

Flame test : Clean the platinum wire by

Colour flame is not observed

Ca

dipping in con.HCl and heat

+2

, Sr

(or) Mn

+2

+2

,Ba

+2

+2

, Pb

,Cu

+2

, Zn

+2

are absent

it on flame upto no colour appears. Now, prepare the paste of con.HCl + salt in watch glass, then introduce this paste by platinum wire loop into the flame. d) Action of heat :

II.

s n o i t a c i l b u

A small quantity of salt is

Colourless gas with ammonia

taken in a dry test tube and

smell is evolved sublimate

strongly heated

is formed

Identification of Anion : a) Action of dil.HCl :

P i n a n a J A small quantity of salt

May be Ammonium (NH

No reaction

is taken in a dry test tube

+

4

) salt is present.

Carbonate (CO

–2

3

) & –

Acetate (CH COO ) 3

and dil.HCl is added.

ions are absent.

b) Action of Conc. H SO : 2

4

–

A small quantity of salt is

Reddish Brown vapours with

Bromide (Br ) ion

taken in a dry test tube and

pungent smell are evolved.

may be confirmed.

Conc. H SO

Which turns starch to Yellow.

2

4

is added.

III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract : To a small amount of the salt, add twice the amount of sodium carbonate, a few ml of distilled water and boil it for five minutes. It is filtered and the filtrate is known as sodium carbonate extract. IV.

Confirmation test for Bromide ion : a) Action of MnO

&

2

Conc. H SO : 2

4

–

To the small quantity of salt is Reddish Brown vapour (Br )

Bromide (Br ) ion is

taken in a test tube pinch of

with pungent smell are evolved.

confirmed.

MnO and conc. H SO are

Which turns starch to yellow.

2

2

2

4

added. b) Action of AgNO

3

Solution :

To the salt solution AgNO solution is added

3

–

Pale yellow ppt. of (AgBr) is

Bromide (Br ) ion

is formed.

confirmed

Solubility : Above ppt. is partially soluble in NH OH 4

solution

23

Practical Chemistry

V.

Identification of Cation : Preparation of original salt solution : Original salt solution can be prepared by dissolving excess amount of given salt in a suitable solvent. +

VI. Test for Ammonium (NH

4

) ion :

Reaction with NaOH : To the small quantity of salt is

colour less gas with pungent

Ammonium (NH

taken in a dry test tube a few

smell of ammonia (NH ) is

drops of NaOH solution is

evolved and gives dense white

)

cation may be present.

3

added and heated strongly.

+ 4

fumes (NH Cl) with glass rod 4

when dipped in conc.HCl Note: If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium Cation.

Group

Group Reagents

Name of the Precipitate

Name of the Cation

(Identification Tests of cations)

a) b)

Salt solution + dil.HCl + H S 2

c)

is not formed.

2

Salt solution + NH Cl salt +

White gelatinous ppt.Al(OH)

NH OH solution is added

not formed.

4

4

Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)

2

3

Lead (Pb

) absent

+2

Black ppt. CuS is not formed.

gas passed

+2

s n o i t a c i l b u

White ppt. PbCl

Salt solution + dil. HCl is added

Copper (Cu

is

is not

) absent +3

Aluminium (Al

Ferrous (Fe

) absent

+2

) absent

formed.

P i n a n a J

e)

White ppt. ZnS is not formed.

Zinc (Zn

NH OH solution + H S gas

Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not

Manganese (Mn

passed

formed.

4

4

f)

2

Salt solution + NH Cl salt + 4

NH OH solution +(NH ) CO 4

4

2

3

solution is added g)

+2

Salt solution + NH Cl salt +

Nickel (Ni

White ppt. CaCO

Calcium (Ca

is not formed.

3

White ppt. BaCO

3

3

is not formed.

is not formed.

White ppt. is not formed

4

NH OH solution +(NH )CO + 4

4

Na HPO 2

4

+2

Black ppt. NiS is not formed.

White ppt. SrCO

Salt solution + NH Cl salt +

) absent

Barium (Ba

+2

) absent

) absent +2

+2

) absent

) absent

Strontium (Sr

+2

) absent

Magnesium (Mg

+2

)

absent

3

solution is added

VII. Confirmation Tests for Ammonium : Action of Nessler’s reagent : To the salt solution Nessler’s

Reddish Brown colour ppt. is .

reagent [K HgI ] is added.

formed (Iodide of Million’s base)

2

VIII.

4

Report : The given Cation is :Ammonium (NH

+ 4

)

–

The given Anion is : Bromide (Br ) The given salt is

24

: Ammonium Bromide [NH Br] 4

Ammonium (NH

+ 4

)

cation is confirmed

Practical Chemistry

SALT-5-Ammonium Carbonate

EXPERIMENT I.

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

a) Colour :

White

Cu

b) State :

Crystalline

Priliminary Tests : +2

, Fe

+2

+2

+2

, Ni

& Mn

Cations may be absent.

c)

Flame test : Clean the platinum wire by

Colour flame is

dipping in con.HCl and heat

not observed

it on flame upto no colour

Ca

+2

Zn

+2

, Sr

+2

, Ba

+2

+2

(or) Mn

+2

, Cu +2

, Pb

,

are

absent

appears. Now, prepare the paste of con.HCl + salt in watch glass, then introduce this paste by platinum wire loop into the flame. d) Action of heat : A small quantity of salt is

ammonia smell is evolved.

strongly heated. II.

Identification of Anion : a)

s n o i t a c i l b u

Colourless gas with

taken in a dry test tube and

Action of dil.HCl :

P i n a n a J

May be Ammonium (NH

+

4

) salt is present.

–2

A small quantity of salt is

Colour and smell less gas

Carbonate (CO

taken in a dry test tube and

(CO ) evolved with brisk

may be present

dil.HCl is added.

effervescence. The gas puts

2

3

) ion

off a burning splinter. It turns Lime water into milky.

III. Preparation sodium carbonate extract :

To a small amount of the salt, add twice the amount of sodium carbonate, a few ml of distilled water and boil it for five minutes. It is filtered and the filtrate is known as sodium carbonate extract.

IV.

Confirmation test for Carbonate ion : Action of BaCl

solution : –2

A small quantity of salt solution

White ppt. (BaCO ) is formed.

Carbonate (CO

is taken in a dry test tube and

Solubility : Above ppt. is soluble

is confirmed.

BaCl

2

V.

2

solution is added

3

3

) ion

dil.HCl

Identification of Cation Preparation of original salt solution : Original salt solution can be prepared by dissolving excess amount of given salt in a suitable solvent.

25

Practical Chemistry

+

VI. Test for Ammonium (NH

4

) ion :

Reaction with NaOH : To the small quantity of salt is

Colour less gas with pungent

Ammonium (NH

taken in a dry test tube a few

smell of ammonia (NH ) is

may be present

drops of NaOH solution is

evolved and gives dense white

added and heated strongly.

fumes (NH Cl) with glass rod

3

+ 4

) cation

4

when dipped in conc.HCl Note : If Ammonium cation is identified then write following table. Do confirmation test of Ammonium cation

Group

Group Reagents

Name of the Precipitate

Name of the Cation

(Identification Tests of cations)

a)

Salt solution + dil. HCl is added

b)

Salt solution + dil.HCl + H S

White ppt. PbCl

+2

Lead (Pb

) absent

2

+2

Black ppt. CuS is not formed.

gas passed

c)

is not formed.

2

Salt solution + NH Cl salt + NH OH solution is added

) absent +3

s n o i t a c i l b u

White gelatinous ppt.Al(OH)

4

Copper (Cu

3

is

Aluminium (Al

) absent

not formed.

4

Dirty Green ppt. Fe (OH)

2

is not

Ferrous (Fe

+2

) absent

formed. e)

White ppt. ZnS is not formed.

Zinc (Zn

NH OH solution + H S gas

Flesh colour ppt. MnS is not

Manganese (Mn

passed

formed.

4

4

2

P i n a n a J

f)

Salt solution + NH Cl salt + 4

NH OH solution +(NH ) CO 4

4

2

Calcium (Ca

is not formed.

3

White ppt. BaCO

3

3

is not formed.

is not formed.

White ppt. is not formed

4

NH OH solution +(NH )CO +

Na HPO 2

4

+2

White ppt. CaCO

Salt solution + NH Cl salt + 4

+2

Nickel (Ni

White ppt. SrCO

4

) absent

Black ppt. NiS is not formed.

3

solution is added

g)

+2

Salt solution + NH Cl salt +

Barium (Ba

) absent

) absent +2

+2

) absent

) absent

Strontium (Sr

+2

) absent +2

Magnesium (Mg

)

absent

3

solution is added

VII. Confirmation Tests for Ammonium : Action of Nessler’s reagent : To the salt solution Nessler’s

Reddish Brown colour ppt. is

agent [K HgI ] is added.

formed (Iodide of Million’s base)

2

4

VIII. Report : The given Cation is : Ammonium (NH The give...