Classics Unit 3 ( Final) PDF

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Classics Unit 3 (FINAL) 11/6 Roman wall painting ● Four painting styles (2 Republican) ○ First style ■ Roman republic (200-80 BCE) ■ Imitation marble with modeling ○ Second style (1st c. BCE +) ■ Roman republic (80-15 BCE) ■ 3D scenes ■ Architectural illusions (“windows”) - walls are supposed to “disappear” ● Seascapes, cityscapes, landscapes & mythological ■ Many colors ● Ex: Villa of P. Fannius Synistor ○ Roman republic (50 BCE) ○ At Boscoreale ○ Framed cityscape ○ Sense of space (real & illusion) ○ Vanishing point perspective ○ Imaginary garden ● Ex: Villa of the Mysteries ○ Roman republic (40 BCE) ○ Pompeii ○ Atrium style house ○ 2nd style wall painting ○ Some sort of ritual - Narrative ■ Dionysiac Mystery Cult? ○ Use of illusion ○ Pompeian red ○ Variation and movement ○ Dramatic action and emotion Gus and the roman empire Julius Caesar ● Roman general ● Voted dictator for life ● 44 BCE: assassinated ● His Heir: Octavian Avenge Caesar ● Triumvirate: Marcus Antonius, Octavian, Lepidus ○ Fought people who killed Caesar and they win ● 42 BCE: battle of Philippi ● Marcus Antonius hooked up with cleopatra

Power struggle: Marcus Antionius & Octavian ● 31 BCE: Battle of Actium ● Marcus dies, cleopatra kills herself because they lost the battle ● Octavian wins - in charge of eastern and western roman republic ○ No one willing or able to oppose him Octavius (=Augustus) ● 27 BCE given name Augustus (prosperous) ● 23 BCE has complete control ● He wants to bring peace ● He doesn’t call himself emperor ○ Calls himself Princeps (first “citizen”) & primus inter pares (first among equals) Changes in state ● Republican government structure intact but ... emperor controls Imperial art/architecture as propaganda ● Message of the emperor throughout empire ● Gus’s message ○ Protector of peace ○ Overseer of prosperity/ Golden age ○ Return values of the old (mos maiorum) ○ Morality ○ “Let’s go back to the good old days” Missed 11/11 11/13 Portland Vase (amphora) ● Augustan (1-25 CE) ● In British Museum / context unknown ● Named after the duchess of portland ● Was broken twice at the British museum ○ Was broken during shipping and then they took it apart again later on to clean it ● Blue & white cameo glass ● Scenes are all about Thetis ● Augustan Classicism ● Inspired Wedgewood ○ He copied this vase in 1790 Third style wall painting ● Imperial (15 BC - 20 CE) ● Two dimensional/ flat surface ● Architectural features fantastical ○ Could maybe be mimicking metal ● Monochromatic background with vignettes Villa at Boscotrecase ● Augustan (10 BCE) ● Third style wall painting

● Monochromic background ● Sacred landscape ● Egyptianizing motifs Augustus’ New Order ● Sets precedent for later Emperors Julio-Claudians (14-38 CE) Caligula (37-51 CE) ● Great grandson of augustus ● Julio-Claudian (37 CE) ● From Asia Minor ● Was known to be crazy ○ No one said no to him ● Was known to be poisoned/ assassinated in 41 ● Emphasize family likeness but tight lip & distant eyes ○ “I’m related to Augustus, I have the right to be emperor” ● Painted ● At the end of his life, people wanted to forget he ever existed ○ Damnatio Memoriae (erasure of name and image of a person) Portrait of Claudius as Jupiter ● Julio-Claudian (42 CE) ● From Lavinium ● He is depicting himself as if he is connected to Augustus even though they are not related ○ Trying to show himself younger than he is but he still shows some aging ● Depicted showing some sort of spear and flat dish ● Jupiter type ○ Bare chest & barefoot = divine ○ He’s showing himself as a God but depicting himself as Jupiter ● He was probably poisoned by his wife Julio-Claudian Portraiture ● They look related but they’re not ● All allude to Augustus ● About ideology not reality ● They’re connected but distinct Gemma Augustea ● Julio - Claudian (15 CE) ● Probably from Rome ● Two-toned Onyx ● Augustan classicism ● Real world & divine world ● Mostly accepted interpretations: ○ Upper register: ■ Augustus throned like Jupiter

■ She, Oikmene, is crowning him, representing “the cities” ■ He is the center of everything ■ There is a capricorn above him, his earth sign! ■ Tiberius is shown as a victorious General ■ mythological ○ Lower register: ■ Military Might & Victory (a Trophy) ■ Represents Romans from different provinces & captives ● All about establishing a link between Tiberius and Augustus ● Private object for a private audience ● This piece never went into the ground ○ Kept being transferred around Silver Cups ● Julio - Claudian (10 CE) ● From Boscoreale ● Might be imperial gifts ● Could be replicas of public reliefs that are now lost ● High & low relief ● Cup B: ○ Tiberius as Triumphant General in quadriga ■ He got to go around in a chariot to show everyone how successful he is ○ Depth of composition ○ Pieces of cups were added and attached ○ Variation of height ○ The other side of the cup shows Tiberius overseeing sacrifice ○ Ritual & ritual architecture Villa & Grotto of Tiberius at Sperlonga ● Julio - Claudian (25 CE) ● Villa that he sets up to escape from “living in dirty Rome” and from being emperor ● grotto/ dining room of Tiberius at Sperlonga ○ Julio - claudian (25 CE) ○ Mix of natural and creative space ○ Square pieces to the left are fish tanks next to the dining area ○ Then a fish pond ( Piscina ) with a platform for statues in the middle of it ○ To the side is a stage for entertainment performances ○ There is also a statue of Odysseus blinding Polyphemos ■ Narrative & context ■ Balanced composition ■ Drama & emotion ● RIGHT BEFORE he’s about to be blinded!!!!!!! Detail of Odysseus ● Julio - claudian (25 CE) ● Rhodian Baroque Style (Roman adapted) ● Continuation of hellenistic baroque

○ He is shown passed out but still flexing, etc Importance of Sperlonga ● Unity of Architecture, landscape & sculpture ● =single design that is in harmony with everything going on Domus Aurea (Golden House of Nero) ● Julio-Claudian (64-68 CE) ● In rome ● Lavish & HUGE ● A huge Villa ● Complex (palace, gardens & artificial lake) ● Very uncommon to have a villa IN rome, most are OUTSIDE of Rome ○ He did this because there was a fire in Rome, he cleared out a lot of peoples areas to build his own house, he took advantage of the fact that people’s houses burned down ● Architects: Severus & Celer ● Revolutionary design ● Originally was symmetrical ● Opus testaceum ● Innovative use of concrete ● Emphasis on interior & light Octagonal room ● Dome with oculus ● There are little side rooms above to support the dome that could’ve been dining rooms ● Concrete vaulting ● =innovative lighting ● There is a fountain to give sound and coolness ● Was heard that there was a revolving roof somewhere ? ● Marble facing 11/18 Fourth style wall painting ● Roman empire (after 62 CE) ● Combines all earlier styles ○ Marble ○ Architectural illusions - just hints of it ○ Plain ground (large plain of a simple color) ○ Shows images of paintings that would’ve been placed on the wall, but are actually painted there ● Irrational, just decorative End of the Julio-Claudians (68 CE) ● Nero flees & forced to commit suicide ● Damnatio Memoriae ○ Some information was left about him and he is easy to recognize which is why we have information about him

Flavians (69-96 CE) 68-69 CE: year of four emperors 1. Galba 2. Otho 3. Vitellius 4. Vespasian - the only successful emperor at that year Vespasian (69-69 CE) ● General ○ Known to be a very good general and was very successful ● ● ● ●

Plebeian (=middle class) Blunt, pragmatic man - he always got the job done and very practical His portrait does not portray him as something he’s not Succeeded by two sons ○ Titus (79-81 CE) ○ Domitian (81-96 CE) Portrait of Vespasian ● Flavian (70 CE) ● Said to be from Naples ● Verism ○ Revival of earlier style ○ message= simple/wise man Portrait of a young woman ● Flavian (90 CE) ● From rome ● We think the elaborate hairstyle probably has to do with wealth, probably using wigs ● Deep carving in the hair ● Chiaroscuro ● Reminded of the 80s with an afro in the front and then braids in the back Flavian Amphitheater (=Colosseum) ● Returned the land to the public domain ● Flavian (80 CE) ● There was a huge statue of Nero called the Colossus so that’s why it’s called colosseum even though the actual structure is called an amphitheater ● Enormous ● Could hold 50,000 people ● First permanent amphitheater in Rome ● Engineering & Organizational marvel ● Construction ○ Opus testaceum, travertine & tufa ○ Barrel & groin vaults ○ Radial corridors ○ Has 76 different entrances/exits

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Three orders: ■ Corinthian (top) ■ Ionic (middle) ■ Tuscan (bottom) ○ Interior: stucco & painting - in fourth style wall painting ● Seating was based on your class (hierarchy of seating) ● Velarium = awning ○ Sail cloth set up by sailors ● Substructure ○ Ramps & trap doors ● Message: ○ Meant to entertain and care for the people of Rome ○ Add grandeur to city ○ Shows how vespasian is such a great emperor Munera (=gladiatorial games) ● They don’t “fight to the death” ● They are trained slaves who would fight and a referee would tell them when to stop ● Usually a heavily armed soldier who’s slower, faces a less armed soldier who’s faster ● They are a big deal Forum of peace ● Flavian (71-75 CE) ● In rome ● Seems in the end that it was mainly just proposed to be a pleasant place ● Temple, porticoes & gardens ● Library and lecture hall ● Thought to be that vespasian is showing himself as the average working man, but also showing he is the emperor by building the colosseum Arch of Titus, Rome ● Flavian (81 CE) ● For Triumph (jewish revolt: 70 CE) ○ Titus finishes it because vespasian had to go end the jewish revolt ● Travertine & Pentelic marble ● Honored by Senate (SPQR) ● Inscription says how when vespasian and titus will become gods once they die because they were successful emperors ● Flavian Baroque Style (= characterized by deep drilling, concern with light/shade, & 3-D space) ● 2 relief panels ○ Triumphal procession ○ Titus on quadriga ■ Shows titus being crowned by victory while he’s on a quadriga ■ Real, divine & allegorical figures ■ Depth of relief ■ Shows him marching into the city and then on the other side shows

soldiers in triumphal procession ■ Shows them carrying a menorah - which is what makes the arch iconic ■ Movement and depth ■ Would’ve been painted so would’ve been easier to read ○ Apotheosis of Titus ■ Transformation of a man into a god ■ Deep drilling and design Military triumph ● Victory procession of victorious general with army through streets of Rome Flavian Palace ● Flavian (92 CE) ● On Palatine Hill ● Palace that all the emperors use ● Architect: Rabirius ● He uses innovative concrete use which creates large open spaces ● Shapes of the rooms are not all the same which creates different experiences in each room ● Domus Flavia (public quarters) ● Domus Augustana (private quarters) ● Creates interesting space 11/20 Flavian Palace: Public Rooms ● Throne room ● Courtyard - large fountain in the center ● Triclinium (dining room) ○ All three of these rooms are lined up straight together and one right next to the other ● Marble was supposed to shine so great that you could see your reflection Flavian Palace: Private Quarters: ● Lower palace ● Interesting spaces Flavian palace: reconstruction ● not a lot of windows on the outside walls, the courtyards let in light ● Has a lot of garden and water features to make it a pleasant place Flavian palace ● Roman sensitivity to interior space ● Mature concrete architecture End of the Flavians ● Domitian’s Reign of Terror (93-96 CE) ● Everyone hated Domitian and they killed him ○ The only people that missed him were the army because he gave them stuff ● Damnatio - erased him from everything

Nerva (96-98) ● Old respected senator ○ Everyone likes him but he’s super old so they know he’s going to die soon ● Begins trend of adopting heir ○ They are “adopting” emperors until one has a son ○ Adopting heirs was also known as the time of actual good emperors Forum of Transitorium, Rome ● Nerva (97 CE) ● Long & Narrow ● Temple of Minerva ● The sections of the walls were what survived ● Rhythm & pattern M. Ulpius Traianus = Trajan ● Nerva adopts this man as the next emperor ● 98-117 CE ● “Adopted son” of Nerva ● General from Hispania ● Optimus Princeps (=Best chief) ● Era of Prosperity ○ Rome was thriving during this time ● No need to flatter him as a God, he is a regular person -Greatest extent of the Roman Empire Trajan as Victorious General ● Trajanic (110 CE) ● From Ostia ● References Augustus ● His face; ○ The way he’s depicting his hair represented augustus ○ Making him idealized ○ Neo-Augustan Classicism= style reviving Greek naturalism and idealism through the lens of Augustus but later ● Instead of his toga being around his waist, its hanging over his arm ● Stance and hair are the same Forum of Trajan ● Whole series of markets on the hill side ● Trajanic (110-112 CE) ● HUGE complex ● Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus ● Concrete revolution ● 3 times the size of the forum of augustus ● Propaganda: ○ Celebrate Dacian Wars ○ Wars that Trajan fought on behalf of Rome, when he defeated the Dacians he brought in slaves, and money, etc

○ Also suggests war is necessary for prosperity and money ○ The rounded space and axes is connected to the forum of augustus ● Monumental space & design ● Multicolored marble ● Color : ○ Painted walls, statues, and columns ○ Decorations on the sides ○ Colors everywhere which shows wealth and power Basilica Ulpia ● Huge law court with 5 aisles ● Two storey with clerestory ● Exterior: ○ Facade ○ Series of panels with sculptures jutting out ○ Shows Dacian prisoners ○ The prisoner is represented to be “bound” by having his hands crossed and he’s wearing pants which was thought to be barbaric by the Romans Libraries (Greek & Latin) ● Held about 22,000 scrolls ● Was thought that the ceiling was glass ● Has the sculpture of Trajan as a Victorious general in there too ● Concrete & glass Temple of the Deified Trajan (& Plotina) ● Was converted into a church but was then destroyed by an earthquake ● Column of Trajan - highlight of the whole forum ○ 114 CE ○ Still standing today ○ There would’ve been a statue of trajan on top, now it’s a Pope(st. peter) ○ Commemorated 2 Dacian wars ○ 140 ft high - 30 m ○ Well-preserved and has been a tourist attraction since the middle ages ○ = Mausoleum of Trajan & Plotina ○ Stairwell in the center and had windows - windows were hollow drums that were carved ○ One continuous frieze ■ Panels of the frieze get larger as it goes up ■ 150 + episodes and 2500 + figures ■ Low relief ■ First time a frieze has been wrapped around a column ■ NOT a continuous narrative ■ Stock themes ■ Propaganda: Virtus (masculine qualities including manliness, courage, strength and virtue) of emperor, army and empire ○ Danube River - a panel of the frieze

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Neo-augustan classicism Also italic - if you understand what’s happening, it doesn’t have to be realistic, just want it to be readable ■ Interesting shapes & different shapes of buildings ■ Different viewpoints, nothing is to scale ■ Attention to military detail ○ Trajan addressing Troops (ad locutio) ■ Shows a divot in the panel which is from napoleon’s troops using the column as target practice when they were in italy Design of forum ● Curvilinear delight ● Visual revelations & surprises ● Paises Trajan in many roles ○ Victor, leader, general, & even god Markets of Trajan ● Trajanic (110 CE) ● 150 + shops in 6 stories ● Shops survived and became apartments ● He does stuff that glorifies him but he is also practical with the space that he had Hadrian (117-138 CE) ● Adopted by Trajan? ● Wife: Sabina ● Shift to bearded emperors ● He was a lover of greek and modeling his image from philosophers ● He has another lover: Antinoos ( hadrian liked men and women) ● Architect ● He was interested in greek and egyptian culture ● Well-traveled Hellenophile (bearded, loved greek culture) Pantheon ● Hadrianic (125-128 CE) ● In campus Martius, Rome ● Original 27 BCE by Agrippa ○ Inscription reproduced ● Temple to “all gods” ● Architect: Apollodorus? ● Was well preserved because it was turned into a church ● Typical Roman Facade but the construction is not on the inside ● Design: ○ Round interior with dome ○ Oculus (=eye), hole in the top of the ceiling ○ Amazing engineering ○ H.=Diam.=43m ■ Perfect sphere inside ● Dome construction

○ Decreasing weight of aggregate in concrete and thin walls ○ Coffers (=recessed rectangular areas in ceiling) ○ Brick arches resting on piers within concrete ○ Bronze roof tiles - was replaced so now it has lead tiles ● Interior: ○ Semicircular & rectangular niches ○ Opus sextile ○ Because of the exterior, you wouldn’t expect the interior to be so modern Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli ● Hadrianic (118 CE) ● NOT in Rome so it’s okay that he has his own Villa ● Largest roman villa ● 30 buildings ● 300+ sculptures ● Whole concept is to bring the empire into an estate. ○ Aka: oh i want to go to egypt or greece...go to that area in your villa ● Empire transformed into an estate ● Mythological designs ● Circular island suite ○ Round structure with a moat around it ○ Private apartment for himself ○ Had a bridge that he could take off so no one else could come in ○ Curved lines ● Canopus or Canal ○ References Egypt ○ Long man made lake ○ Arcuated colonnade ○ Copies of famous statues ■ Represent the visits that hadrian took because they’re all from different areas Adoptive Emperors II: Antoninus Pius Bust of Antoninus Pius ● Antonine (147-149 CE) ● Continue Hadrianic style ● Deep drilling and curls Marcus Aurelius (161-180 CE) Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius ● Antonine (176 CE) ● On capitoline hill, Rome ● Bronze statue that was covered in gold ● Only surviving gilded statue from Antiquity ● Grandiose ● Arm reached out because he is addressing people (probably troops) ● Shows he is a general by being on the horse

● He was wearing civilian clothes so it shows civilian & military ● Character in portrait ● He is mimicking philosopher prototype ● He did not like war but he knew that it was necessary ● Naturalism ● Probably would’ve been placed in a square (Campidoglio Square) Bust of Commodus as Hercules ● Antonine (192 CE) ● From Esquiline Hill, Rome ● He had expected to be emperor since the day he was born ● Contrasts in carving (heavy eyelids, deep curls) ● Symbolism ● He’s making himself look like a god ● Fought in the arena as a gladiator/ hunter and he always won because you can’t hurt the emperor ● Crazy megalomaniac ● Was murdered and then damnatio memoriae Bust of Faustina the Younger ● Antinonine (148 CE) ● From hadrian’s villa, tivoli ● Female beauty ● Drilled pupils ● Goddess hair type ○ This type of hair today is mainly used during weddings Column & Base of Antonius Pius ● Antonine (161 CE) ● In Campus Martius, Rome ● 3 reliefs, 1 inscription ○ Apotheosis Antonius Pius & Faustina ■ Very classical in terms of the design ■ They’re rising to the heavens, riding the wings of a spirit up to olympius ■ Goddess roma, the personification of the city of rome. One of her boobs is out so we know it isn’t athena because she wouldn’t do that ○ Military review (the other two) ■ Decursio: military review ■ Two perspectives ■ Italic tradition ■ Objects that are further away ar4e placed higher up on the scene ■ Objects look like toys ■ High relief Column of Marcus Aurelius ● Antonine (192 CE) ● In situ (in Rome) ● Similar to Trajan’s column (size, style, theme)

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Military campaigns by Danube (germans) High relief Violent - reality of war ○ Village destruction - huts getting destroyed, people grabbing each others hair, decapitation, etc Fayum (Egypt) Portraits ● Circa 50-400 CE ● Mummy portraits ● Plaque that has portrait of deceased ● Encaustic painting = wax + pigment painting over wooden base ● Person is depicted as an individual, not God or anything Fayum portrait of Priest of Serapis ● Antonine (AD 138-161 CE) ● From arsinoe, egypt ● Encaustic on wood ● Naturalism ● Individualism ● Piercing eyes ● Four color palette (red, white, black & yellow) ● Shows an alternate view of actual individuals who are also following s...