Classics Midterm 2 PDF

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Condensed notes from after the first midterm to the second midterm ...

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Classics Midterm 2 Lecture 8: AGA Chapter 7: The Money Games Differences between Stephanitic and Chrematitic Games - 4 stephanitic games but 100s of chrematitic games (regional games) o Athens had 19 different chrematitic games - Chrematitic games were an important thing in communities o Social purpose – parades, foods, and interacting with fellow towns people o Very common in western culture up until very recently – up to the 40-50s  Everyone in the town and have a car race for example  Another example was boxing leagues o Historically, there is money attached and prizes weren’t the same for each event  Indicating the prestige of the event  E.g. the prize for boxing was not as nice as the prize for wrestling - In text, Miller talks about what we can infer from the money games o Tend to have non-athletic, military based events - Chrematitic games related to either military training or some particular thing that is famous or significant in that town o E.g. Athens is famous for wine, so there was a competition where you had to stand on the wine container that was greased up (maintain balance) - Multiple prizes in chrematitic games (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) - Tend to have three categories for each group, not just based on age, perhaps differentiate those who are citizens and those who are outsiders The Asklepeia - Outside Epidauros – a community associated with this God Asklepeus o This God was a human being, such a very good doctor that he could bring people back from the dead. The Gods killed him because what he was doing was averting the natural way of life. In honor of his greatness, he was turned into a God. - Sanctuary to Asklepeus, and there is a competition called the Asklepeia o Sanctuary did lots of things when they were not holding a festival/competition o This area was a rich archeological site, part of a healing center  People would come from all over Greece and the world to be healed  Anyone who was healed would give thanks to the God for being healed and leave gifts o It tells us how medicine worked in this time period o People who ran the healing enter were clever (priests)  A person would come and tell the priests about what was wrong and they would tell the patient that the God said you should do this e.g. someone who was very over worked and needed to relax o At the money games, there is Gymnikos agon but also musical stuff (particularly literature) and a lot of time spent in theater and parades  Very festive, fitting as this place was similar to an ancient resort spa - Stadium had marble seating, as oppose to Olympia - The theater of Epidauros o There is a hidden entrance (also seen at Olympia and Nemea)

o Olympia was the standard and general kind of architecture that you find throughout the Greek world wherever athletic competitions were held The Panathenaia - The “all Athens” o Most famous of the money games judging by where it is featured on tombstones o Held every year, and they had three age classes o It was a closed competition – only to citizens of Athens o Homer talks about it so it is very ancient - A tyrant in Athens in year 566 used athletics as part of a way to increase his own prestige by increasing the prestige of the town he took over o He took over Athens and to please the people and put Athens on the map, he incorporated the Greater Panathenaia “Greater Panathenaia” - Every fourth year, there would be extra events besides the normal yearly events, that were all athletic events where any Greek could compete o He bumped up the prizes for all the events but in particular the ones that were open to all Greeks (the extra ones) – so it had the greatest value  Prizes had different value based on the event o 1 Drachma = Day’s wage for unskilled laborer - The Panathenaic Amphora o This tyrant was also the first tyrant to make the move of having the prize be a part of a marketing campaign o Every winner got a jug of Athenian olive oil that was famous for Athens which was valuable  The vase itself (Amphora) on one side had a picture of Athena and the other side as a picture of the event that you had won  A trophy that was clearly associated with Athens  People brought these home as they are found around Greece and wherever Greeks were o The vase itself was a trophy from the Panathenaia  Historically significant to us and culturally significant to the Greeks  Won this jug in both the Panathenaia or Greater Panathenaia  It would say on the vase what year the oil was collected - 2 sets of Administrators – made water and oil flow o Selected at random from the citizens – provided that you were wealthy enough  It was considered an honor o First set: group of 10 for secular activities - Non-religious  Gathering prizes, inviting people, expenses in setting up the competition o Second set: sacred activities – religious (not sure how many people)  Precessions and events, anything involving the worshiping of the Goddess Athena o Funds: both public and from the administrators - There were periods when people did not want to - For the most part, two groups randomly selected and they had to pay for everything, it was considered something like a tax you had to pay

The Greater Panathenaic Festival - Anywhere from 7 – 10 days o We’ll assume a 9-day festival - Panathenaic way o Tried to hold chariot and foot races along this street in the city center (downtown) o This was unusual, it is so much easier to have it in the country side o Athens had it right in the middle of the town - Stadium built 4th Century - Open and Athenian events The Greater Panathenaic Program (the ones in black are identical to Panhellenic events) - Days 1 to 3: open music and drama - Days 4 to 5: open athletic o Contact sports, pentathlon and foot races o Always the standard athletic competitions – Panhellenic - Day 6: closed equestrian - Day 7: open equestrian - Day 8: all other closed events o Those could be anything, insight into that particular community - Day 9: Parade and feast Day 6: Closed Equestrian Events – in Athens - Anthippasia: mock cavalry battle (maneuvers) o Horses combat? Not a battle, horse ballet or maneuvers - Javelin throwing from horseback - Apobates o Horse event with two people in the chariot, a charioteer and a guy in armor that jumps out and runs beside the chariot and then jumps back in a repeats - All of these events have incorporation of military skills Day 8: All Other Closed Events - Pyrriche o A bunch of naked guys in armor marching to illustrate the rigor of their training (drilling) o Choreographed military drills (movements) - Euandria o Good man or handsome man o Beauty contest because it seems that goodness was based on looks and physique o Some say it was an “eye candy” contest, others say how fit or toned are you o External representation of strength and beauty, there was no physical events, the winner got a front and center position in the great parade on the last day - Torch race o Only in chrematitic games – particularly the Panathenaia o A group of boys would hand the torch in a relay race, the torch could not be extinguished and it was the first to the alter in Athens o There were two prizes, one for the whole team and one for the boy who ran the last part of the race

Team competitions in the money games that we never see in the Panhellenic games - Hoplomachia o It means the soldier battle o Not sure what it entailed, but it is evident of military based events in the chrematitic games - Boat race o Harbor at Athens o The boat races were all warships o Athens was known for its navy Day 9: Panathenaic Parade - A famous parade, huge precession - Spectators were invited to watch, but Athenians would participate going all the way along the high way to the center of Athens (acropolis) to the Temple of Athena (Parthenon) - Up to the Parthenon with animals and gifts (robe for Athena) o Animals would be sacrificed and gifts presented The Eleutheria (The Freedom Games) - Held in Larissa - Only open to people in that community in the honor of Zeus (closed event) - Variety of events - Most interesting to us is the Bull hunt – Taurotheria o Depicted on their coins, famous for their horses o Horse on one side and the other side a horse and a bull and a man standing beside the bull - Two descriptions – a poem and something written by a guy who likes athletics o But the two disagree o One says that the man is on the horse and takes a rope to bring the bull down o The other (poem) says that the horseman goes alongside the bull and he wears out the bull until it is exhausted then he jumps of the horse and brings it down to the ground – that is what we see on the coin - Using horses in a bull hunt in a community that is well known for their horses Spartan Sport and Physical Education - Spartans were so unique so it is interesting to see how unique athletics were - Background: Athens was the foremost cultural and economic community in Greece but Sparta was dominated by its military power (powerful political and cultural) o Dedication to military, in a communal society where none of them had to work to provide for their every day, people compelled to do the work for them so they could devote themselves to become the best warriors – military excellence (arete) - By Spartan law, on a tomb stone you have to mention your military career first o Spartans rewarded people who won at the Olympics – the reward was to fight alongside the king in the war (place of glory) in the front ranks - No evidence that they ever won at the other Panhellenic games except for the Olympics and they did very well at the Olympics – maybe not allowed to compete? - Spartan men start training for war at 7 years old – enter physical education

o In preparation to become a warrior o Mandatory that form age 7 – 30 you would live in a military camp in the barracks (even if you had a wife and family) - Would routinely have parades, young men and women forced to have parades– and everyone would watch them o They would be naked or half naked and people would ridicule or praise you for how physically fit you look - Given that, it is understandable why they did well at competitions they entered outside of Sparta These are events within Sparta Karneia - Founded 676-673, in honor of Apollo - Idiosyncratic events - Two long distance races o Macros – big, long distance o Five Dolichos race (pentadolichos) o Extra events to emphasize endurance - They did not allow their athletes to ever compete in boxing or pankration o Many think that Spartans evented boxing o Banned it later because those are the two events that you can give up or be beaten to a pulp and evidently the mindset of Spartans, it was not a good competition for them  Teach them to surrender or they will have irreversible damage o They dominated in footraces and equestrians - Rugby event - Reverse tug of war? Reverse capture the flag? o Two teams of young people on an island, the winner was the team that had one person left on the island and had never touched the water o You tried to get your opponents and throw them off the island Sanctuary of Artemis - Had a festival in Sparta - One event, the men had to fight a wild pig - The other event – from a starting point, one at a time, young boys were told to run toward the alter o The path was lined by men with sticks and they would have tried to beat you while you were on your way o if you fall, they will beat you and keep beating you until you make it to the alter o there are statues seen by visitors to Sparta, anyone who died in this race because they were beaten to death, but didn’t give up or beg for mercy, were given a statue in their honor for their resolute determination to fulfill their duty even if they couldn’t complete it – idiosyncratic event Lecture 9: S&S Chapter 5 The Modern Olympics Quagmire of Olympic Origins

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King Iphitos and the first Olympic Truce o Myths of how the Olympics were created included stories of Zeus and Hercules. But it was also said that the Olympics started in 776BC o Greeks said that these Gods did start the Olympics but when the Dorians invaded, The Olympic games were stopped. o In 776BC, King Iphitos and two other kings created a truce and started up the games again – a truce so that competitors could travel safely to the games  Through this idea, it is a way for historical and mythological events can be incorporated Is the Olympic Victor List reliable? o Historian by the name of Pythias in Elis compiled a list of Olympic Victors that was widely distributed around Greece  It had all the winners of the stadion race as well as other winners every now and again  This allowed historians to use the list as a framework to refer to historical events  All Greeks had access to this list, and they all accepted the information  However, if there was a lack of information, they would create it and “smooth” it out o E.g. Christion looked closely at the list and saw problems around 776  776 is 40 years after King Iphitos is born – it was common that the half way point in one’s life was the year that they did something  so if King Iphitos died at 80, his miraculous event was at 40 – an example of how they “smoothed” historical times  it was likely that some names, given that they had a statue in their honor, had won one year but didn’t know when and there was a year that didn’t have a winner so they just made that victor the winner of that year  however, some of the names do not make sense with the year they won o around 550BC people are reliable recording and publishing winners and dates as people could look at the list and justify it Archaeological Insights o Tumulus Built (c.2000)  At the site of Olympia, Tumulus is a burial mound where Pelops was and was an ancient site in 2000  Around the tomb, there were older structures showing that there were buildings in very early times and there was a circular building (considered as a temple) o Cult to Zeus (11th C.)  In year 1000, there is evidence of figurines as worshiping of Zeus o Pelopion built around Tumulus  This historical temple appears to be on top of a black layer (which is the carbon that is left from the sacrifice to the Alter of Zeus during the Olympic ceremony)  Another iteration that Olympics were before Pelopion was built  However, Pelops was said to be one of the founders of the Olympics? o Increase in offerings and well-digging (c.700)

The more remains the higher the excavation Around 700BC, a lot of wells were being dug – indicating that more people were going to the events  Particularly in the equestrian events in the 700s, a lot wealthier people attended as they were the only ones that could afford horses, let alone 4 o The archeology agrees with the victor list o The years following 700, the Greeks increasingly colonized and spread out around the world. Through that, there was an increased desire to come back to All Greek Athletic Festivals to reconnect with their heritage o Olympic games grew from a site that was already a religious site for Zeus, became a site for Pelops and started to host games End of the Ancient Olympics - 394AD: said to be the last games o held by the Christians, but only Christian celebrations were tolerated so they ended the Olympic games - Christian Prohibition o the site wasn’t shut down; it became a monastery for Christ o The final inscription of the Olympics was in 385AD – 1168 yeas after it was founded o Statues were ruined and buildings were repurposed or torn down. At one point, the site caught fire and so it was abandoned – it was in the middle of nowhere so it wasn’t changed into a Christian religious site - Rediscovered in 1766; excavated by Germans in 1875 The Olympics of Allusion and Illusion - Pierre De Coubertin o His purpose was to try to bring back the ancient Olympics o He pitched the idea for all European nations to get together but he wanted it to benefit the French  He was worried about the poor showing the French made in the war – culturally and militarily, France was on a decline - “Noble and chivalrous character of athletics” o Athletics were something that the lower class did  Anyone who devoted themselves to athletics were professionals but lower class o He thought that the Olympics would promote physical fitness and national pride o Wanted to continue the Greek ideology about noble and chivalrous competition o It was an opportunity for all countries to come together in fair play through sports o He thought it would diminish warfare and promote cooperation - 1894 IOC (International Olympic Committee) holds first Congress o 12 countries showed up to Athens, Greece (not at Olympia) o They tried to portray this event as a continuation of the ancient Greek world o There was no interest from the upper class and it was ignored for the first couple of years (3-4 years)  Sport wasn’t considered to be respectable Athens, 1896 – First Olympics  

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A stadium was built by the King 60,000 spectators; silver medals o prize for the winner – a silver medal instead of an Olive crown - 241 competitors from 14 countries Modern Olympic Dates - 1900: First Women Participants - 1904: was held in America, 80% were Americans, no one came - 1908: 3 medals - 1916, 1940, 1944: The Olympics were cancelled o the war itself, the promotion of the Olympics to avoid another catastrophe was supported o boost from the carnage of WWI o the ancient Olympics were never cancelled – one time they had to hold it a different day, one time they held it but refused to acknowledge the results - 1920; Olympic Flag and oath; Opening ceremonies o “the most important thing is not to win but to take part” – not similar to the Greek mentality - 1924: Winter Games - 1928: Olympic Flame – torch race from the Athenian games - 1932: Olympic Village - 1936: Nazis created the first torch relay - 1956: closing ceremonies - 1968: Olympic Mascot - 1980: Olympic “branding” - 2010: Youth Olympics - 2014: Olympics were estimated to cost $44 billion but ended up to be $51 billion o originally, it was $10 million - 2016: 11,237 athletes from 207 nations AGA Chapter 8 Women and Athletics - Three types of primary sources to consider o Literary o Visual o Mythological 1. Literary Primary Source - Social ideal of the citizen woman o The ideal for a citizen woman was to give birth to a child for her husband o She was brought into the man’s house to provide legitimate offspring to continue the male’s bloodline and inherit his household o As a result, women married very young, as a virgin, to create no doubt in their reliability of this role o The ideal was that women would stay in the house and have limited contact with any men except her husband and immediate male blood relatives o No other men were allowed in another man’s house, unless he was invited in by the husband

If uninvited, the husband could have the intruder prosecuted or killed in some communities o If a male was invited over, all the women in the household would go into another room  They would not dine with their husbands if a male visitor was over  There was a lot of focus in maintaining a women’s reputation o If a Greek woman were to go outside, they would be vailed o The ideal was easier to achieve for those of higher estate o For middle and lower class, women would have a more prominent role in family business so it would be almost impossible for most women to have no immediate contact with other men o It was considered offensive to mention someone else’s wife by name o The stereotype was not only that they were not allowed to go out, but that they were incapable of doing so - The Bias of Literary primary sources o Because of the general ideology of women, there is not much written about women unless it was odd, improper or erotic (unusual behaviour) - Women at Olympics o Women were not allowed at the Olympics, except for the one priestess to the Alter of Demeter (the goddess of harvest and farming), and if any women was found she would be killed by being thrown off a cliff o There was a woman who pretended to be a trainer so that she could see her youngest son compete in the Olympics – she was from the family of Damagetos. Her son won the event and she jumped into the arena and was revealed as a woman. She wasn’t killed because her family was so dominant in athletics. However...