Classics 2MT3 Midterm 1 Helpful Tips PDF

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Classics 2MT3 Midterm 1 Helpful Tips (Chapters 1-5)

Word Types It is really important (especially when you start learning Latin) to always ask yourself what type of word you’re looking at. There are only 3 types in this course: noun, adjective, verb. There’s only 1 verb ending: x-ize, so it’s pretty obvious when it occurs and is also rarely used in this course. More importantly is to always ask yourself (if it’s not a verb) whether a word is an adjective or noun. Important rule: If the word has an adjectival ending, it is an adjective. If it’s not an adjective, it’s a noun.

Adjectives  Know the 9 adjectival endings by heart: x-ic, x-al, x-ar, x-an, x-ac, x-ous, xine, x-ary, x-oid  Adjectival endings generally occur at the very end of the word, or very close to the end of the word if there is a Latin inflectional ending added (sometimes in the middle too) o Don’t worry too much about what a Latin inflectional ending is yet; but know it’s generally 1-3 letters found after an adjectival ending  All adjectives are translated as: pertaining to (p.t.) x, except x-oid adjectives, which translate to: resembling x.  Adjectival endings can sometimes be altered if something follows it (either a Latin inflectional ending or if it’s in the middle of the word)  Adjectival endings that are not altered if something follows it: x-ic, x-al, x-ar, x-an, x-ac  Adjectival endings that can be weird with addition of a Lain inflectional ending: x-ous, x-ine, x-ary o x-ous: u often drops out if there’s something after o x-ine: e often drops out if there’s something after

o x-ary: y often drops out if there’s something after (making it look like x-ar) Nouns  There are a variety of noun endings, so it’s easiest to identify a noun if it’s not an adjective  Some noun endings are interchangeable: -ia/-is/-y/-esis o Ex. You may see a noun form you’re used to like x-otrophy written as x-otrophia; they mean the same thing  Important noun forms to know o Compound nouns ⟶ X-Y-N: The part of Y involving X  Where X & Y are different body parts, and N is a noun ending  Ex. otencephalon: the part of the brain involving the ear o S-X-N: A collection of S in X  Where S is a substance, X is a body part, and N is a noun ending  Ex. hematencephalon: a collection of blood in the brain o Use X-Y-N or S-X-N translations only when necessary o G-ism: A condition caused by the malfunction of G  Where G is a gland  Ex. thyroidism: a condition caused by the malfunction of the thyroid gland o X-Y-ostomy: the making of an opening between X & Y  Where X & Y are body parts capable of being connected Common Termination Forms in the Middle of the Word  When terminations are found in the middle of the word, they are often shortened (bolded are ones I found occur quite often) Normal Termination -osis -itis -emia

Shortened Termination -ot-it-em-

-plasia or -plasty -rrhea -rrhexis -edematous

-plast-rrhe-rrhect-edemat-

General Tips  Be thoughtful about your translations; stop & think if it makes sense o When “cutting up a word”, do so slowly & thoughtfully o The shorter definition is probably better than the longer definition o If a termination is therapeutic, you aren’t trying to kill the patient  Ex. cardectomy: “the cutting out of a part of the heart” rather than “the cutting out of the heart” (the person would die)  Some therapeutic endings that aren’t obvious: x-otomy, xostomy, x-ectomy, x-ostasis, x-ocentesis, x-opexy (usually)  Always translate words right⟶left, and use “of” as long as you can o “involving” & “and” should only be used when you absolutely need to in order for it to make sense  It is important to know the exact wording of terminations o Flashcards are your best friend for this, and really for learning combining forms too o The translation of terminations is less flexible than the translation of combining forms  Ex. brachemia could be translated as “the abnormal presence of blood in the iris”, “the abnormal presence of blood in the irises”, “the abnormal presence of blood in an iris”, etc.  However, if there’s clearly only one of that body part, you have to translate it as so (ex, encephalemia cannot be translated as “the abnormal presence of blood in the brains” (we only have one brain)  For x-algia/x-odynia: consider if X can feel pain or not o If X can feel pain: pain in X o If X can’t feel pain: pain involving X  Study the differences between terminations/combining forms that look really similar

o x-ography/x-ograph/x-ogram o x-ometry/x-ometer o x-ectomy/x-ectome o x-ogenic/-xogenous/x-ogenesis o x-ist/x-icist o etc.  Make a list of combining forms that may confuse you o Ex. Some that look adjectival but aren’t: umbil(ic)-o, aort(ic)-o, adren(al)-o, astragal-o, etc. o Ex. Some that look like it could be a substance but aren’t: cartilag(in)o, sanguin-o, tendin-o  -ot- is probably not an ear unless its at the beginning of the word, it’s probably the shortened -osis if found in the middle of the word...