CLCV Exam 3 The Heroes Study Guide PDF

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CLCV EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE To know—Lecture Notes, Wb 256-258 (Names to Know), Webb Lectures Hercules II, Corinth, WB 209-210 Charts Argos: 1. Peloponnesus— a large peninsula, located in a region of southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. 2. Argolid— one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Peloponnese. It is situated in the eastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Argos is located here. 3. Argos (place)— The city of Argos is believed to be the birthplace of the mythological character Perseus. Located in Argolid and Peloponnesus 4. Inachus— The first king of Argos who also has a river named after him. He was a river god, son of Oceanus and Tethys. When the gods (Hera and Poseidon) got into a dispute over who got control of Argos, Inachus decided Hera was right. Poseidon got angry and dried up his stream. 5. Io– a maiden seduced by Zeus, She was one of Zeus' many mortal lovers. Hera was about to catch them so Zeus turned her into a cow. When Zeus turned Io into a cow, Hera sent her faithful beast Argus with a hundred eyes to watch over her. Zeus in return sent his son Mercury to make Argus sleepy. When Argus was sleepy, Mercury slayed him and freed Io. In return, the furious Hera sent a gadfly to Io; Io had to walk across the continent bothered by a gadfly so that she could be human again. 6. Argos (beast)— A 100 eyed giant that was in charge of guarding Io; was the servant of Hera. 7. Isis– Egyptian goddess of fertility. She was worshiped as the ideal mother and wife as well as the matron of nature and magic. She was the friend of slaves, sinners, artisans, and the downtrodden, and she listened to the prayers of the wealthy, maidens, aristocrats, and rulers. 8. Epaphus— son of Zeus and Io. He was born by the “touch” of Zeus’ hand; Epaphus= “touch” 9. Libya— the daughter of Epaphus and Memphis , in both Greek and Roman mythology. 10. Belus—Son of Libya and Poseidon. He was a legendary Egyptian king, son of Poseidon, and ancestor of several Greek royal families, including that of Palamedes. Father of Aegyptus & Danaus 11. Ba’al— common name used throughout the Bible for the chief deity or for deities of Canaan; means “lord” or “owner.” This title was given to several local gods because of the importance of rain to life in the dry lands of the Near East! Most stories associated with Ba’al are connected with fertility and the seasons. 12. Hyksos— a nomadic people who conquered and ruled Ancient Egypt between the 13th and 18th dynasties, c1700-1580 b.c.: believed to have been a Semitic people that originally migrated into Egypt from Asia. They were also the main believers of Ba’al and brought his influence into Egypt.

13. Aegyptus— the son of Belus and Achiroe, a naiad daughter of Nile. Fathered fifty sons, who were all but one murdered by the fifty daughters of his twin brother, Danaus. Upon arriving to Argos, agreed to have his sons married to his brother Danaus’ daughters. 14. Danaus— king of Libya had 50 daughters, commanded his daughters to kill Aegyptus’ sons. After he couldn’t find any husbands for them, he began offering his daughters as prizes in a footrace. 15. Danaids— 50 maidens that must forever carry water in leaking jars; Killed their husbands on their wedding night. 16. Hypermnestra— Daughter of Danaüs; refused to kill her husband Lynceus. grandmother of Acrisius. Perseus 1. Acrisius: grandfather of Perseus. Receives prophecy that his grandson, Perseus, will kill him. In response, he locks her up to stay a virgin. Zeus, however, entered secretly into her cell where he impregnates her. Acrisius, furious, throws her into the ocean locked in a box. 2. Danae: mother of Perseus. Impregnated by Zeus in a golden rain. Perseeus her son is set adrift with her too. 3. Perseus: Birth: Danae impregnated by Zeus; exposed in a box. Fulfills the oracles’ prophecy and kills Acrisius by accidentally throwing a discus at him. How he fufills the five traits of a Greek Hero: Known as Monster-Slaying: Medusa, Problems with Women: Andromeda, Horrible death: None 4. Graiai: cousins of Medusa;The Graiai are sisters of the Gorgons and the Hesperides; they were said to have one tooth and one eye between them. 5. Gorgons: the term commonly refers to any of three sisters who had hair of living, venomous snakes, and a horrifying visage that turned those who beheld her to stone. (three of them!) basically a snake women. 6. Medusa: a monster, a Gorgon, generally described as having the face of a hideous human female with living venomous snakes in place of hair. Gazing directly upon her would turn onlookers to stone. Slain by Perseus. By viewing Medusa in the reflection of his shield, he was able to slay her. 7. Pegasus: is a winged divine horse, or pterippus, usually depicted as white in colour. He is the winged horse son of Medusa and Poseidon. 8. Andromeda: a woman chained to a rock who is then rescued by Perseus and later marries him. She was the daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia who ruled the Nile regions; because she boasted of her beauty and committed hubris, Poseidon chained her to a rock in order to be sacrificed to the monster. However, Perseus was nearby and managed to kill the sea monster as it was emerging from the ocean. 9. Cassiopeia: Andromeda's mother, who bragged that Andromeda was more beautiful than the gods, committed hubris! Unhappy that her daughter was not killed, he chained Cassiopeia in a chair tied in the heavens so that she would revolve half the time. This is

how we get the name of the constellation. 10. Cetus: a sea-monster; that is sent to eat Andromeda. 11. Apotropaic: is a type of magic intended to "turn away" harm or evil influences, as in deflecting misfortune or averting the evil eye. (modern day similar to the purpose that the evil eye serves) 12. Gorgoneion: This was a special apotropaic amulet showing the Gorgon head, used most famously by the Olympian deities Athena and Zeus: both are said to have worn this as a protective pendant. 13. Mycenae: the city founded by Perseus before he died; Perseus moved here with his wife Andromeda. Thebes— 1. Boetia— flat farmland; Thebes is the capital of this land 2. Cadmus— Europa's brother/ founder of Thebes and first ruler a Phoenician prince who killed a dragon and planted its teeth, from which sprang a multitude of warriors (Sparti) who fought among themselves until only five remained; these five helped him build Thebes and were the noblest. brought the alphabet from Phoenicia to Greece. Brother to Europa and son of Phoenix. 3. Europa— Zeus fell in love with her and he disguised himself as a bull; ran away with her on his back to Crete. Bore three sons: Minos, Rhadamanthys, Sarpendon, 4. Serpent of Ares— the serpent that Cadmus slays and then plants teeth 5. Spartoi— the warriors that come out of the ground after they are sown by Cadmus 6. Dirce— was the wife of Lycus of Thebes. She hated Antiope, her niece, whom Zeus impregnated. As a result Antiope’s children killed her by tying her to the horns of a bull and she was pulled limb to limb. 7. Jocasta— queen of Thebes who unknowingly married her own son Oedipus; she bore two daughters and two sons with him. 8. Oedipus— It was in his oracle to kill his father and marry/have children with his mother. Birth: Exposed at birth on Mt. Cithaeron, monster-slaying: sphinx, Problems with a woman: Jocasta/ his mother, Horrible death: blinded, exiled, disappears (he plucked out his eyes) 9. Sphinx— has the haunches of a lion, the wings of a great bird, and the face and breast of a woman. She is mythicised as treacherous and merciless. Those who cannot answer her riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories, as they are gobbled up whole and eaten by this ravenous monster. Oedipus answered the riddle and slays her. She dwelt outside the city of Thebes and asked riddles to wanderers. 10. Creon— the brother of Jocasta and uncle of Antigone who became king of Thebes after the fall of Oedipus. He being desperate to get rid of the Sphinx outside out Thebes walls, offered the throne and his sisters hand to anyone who could guess the riddle. 11. Polynices— a son of Oedipus and Jocasta, for whom the Seven Against Thebes sought to regain Thebes. He and his brother Eteocles killed each other in single combat before its

walls. He was considered a traitor by his uncle Creon. 12. Antigone— a daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta who defied her uncle, King Creon, by performing funeral rites over her brother, Polynices, and was condemned to be immured alive in a cave. After Creon had a change of heart to release her, he went to the tomb only to find that she had hung herself. As a result, Eurydice (Creon’s wife) also committed suicide at shock of her husband’s acts. 13. Sophocles— Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex 14. Teiresias— a blind prophet, usually said to have been BLINDED because he saw Athena bathing, and then to have been awarded the gift of prophecy as a consolation for his blindness.

Hercules 1. Heracles (Hercules): Birth: delayed delivery; snakes attack him and his twin brother, monster-slaying: Nemean lion, Hydra, Erymanthian boar, Cretan Bull, etc., Problems with women: Deianeira, Horrible death: Burned to death 2. Alcmene: Zeus came disguised as her husband and have a child (Hercules), but on the same night!!!!!!! Her Amphitryon comes home and they have a child (Iphicles) 3. Amphitryon: Zeus changes himself into this man and has sex with Alcmene, the real father of Iphicles. 4. Iphicles: son of Amphitryon and Alcmene; Hercules' half-brother. 5. Megara: Hercules' first wife, killed by Hercules in a fit of madness struck on to him by Hera. Hercules ends up killing Megara and his two children :( 6. Lycus: ruler of Thebes, intent on killing Megara and her children so they can't grow up to avenge Creon's death, piles wood around altar of Zeus where ara, her children, and Amphitryon take refuge (trying to burn them alive), Killed by heracles 7. Eurystheus: King of Tiryna who gave Hercules the 12 Labors 8. Tiryns: birthplace of Hercules 9. Iolaus: Herc’s nephew and his traveling companion, was famed for helping him complete the 12 Labors and was also one of the argonauts 10. Cornucopia: River god Achelous,tears off his horn, which becomes the "horn of plenty," i.e.the first cornucopia; a fight was called for between the two demigods: it was said Heracles beat Potamoi by tearing his horn off to be called as the stronger demigod. 11. Deianeira: Herc’s second wife who accidentally poisons him. She tried to win him back with a love potion that the Centaur gave her. It burned and tortured him instead. He insisted that he be carried to a top of a mountain and be burned alive on a funeral fire. He goes to heaven, achieves immortality. Hercules won her by defeating Achelous (tore his horn off.) As a prize, he was given Deinaeria as his wife. Saving Deinaeria from being raped, Hercules did not notice that Nessus (the creature trying to rape her) told her that by mixing a potion of his blood would cause Hercules to remain faithful to her forever. She was the third/final wife of Heracles!

12. Nessus: centaur who tried to rape Deianeira but killed by Hercules, his poisoned blood was used to kill Hercules later 13. Omphale: queen that Heracles was forced to serve as a second series of labors for 1 year ; she dressed in Heracles' clothing and made him dress in woman's clothing (she was the second mortal wife of Heracles!) Period of humiliation for Heracles as we sold as a slave to her. 14. Mt. Oeta: Death place of Hercules 15. Hebe: the goddess of youth and spring, wife of Hercules; daughter of Zeus and Hera; cupbearer to the Olympian gods, served them ambrosia. 16. Apotheosis: the act of placing a human being among the gods (ie. Heracles with Hebe on Olympus) *12 Labors In the Peloponnesus 1. Nemean LION - When fighting the creature, Hercules noticed that the only way to defeat it was by having its own claw pierces its skin. Herc strangles/clubs it to death, and now wears its hide. 2. Lernean HYDRA - 9-headed poisonous serpent, heads regenerate, Iolaus cauterizes stumpes, Herc buries the immortal nith head, tips his arrows with the poisonous venom; Hera also sent down a crab to bite at Hercules feet as he was fighting; after he kills the monster and the crab the crab becomes a constellation in the sky known as the Sign of Cancer 3. Cerynaean STAG - Golden horns, chases the stag to Hyperborea for one year. 4. Erymanthian BOAR - Boar attacks the people in the village that Hercules is passing through Gives accounting lectures, golds over Eurystheus, who hides in a large jar (pithos) 5. Augean STABLES - Augeas, the King of Elis has A LOT OF sacred cattle. Herc cleans the stable, diverts river. Herc also finds Olympus (776 BC) and Augeas’ companion Kopreus. The deal was that Augeus would give Hercules a tenth of his cattle if he finished this task, Augeus shocked but agreed only to go back on his agreement after learning that Hercules was doing this as a deal with Eursythesus. 6. Stymphalian BIRDS - Bronze dart-like feathers, he chases them away with bronze clappers and basically making loud noises. Outside Peloponnesus 7. Cretan BULL - Herc takes to Tiryns, (just so he can check it off with Eurysthesus!) and ends up releasing it at Marathon; Theseus (Athenian hero) will later end up killing the bull 8. MARES (man-eating horses) of Diomedes

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Flesh eaters in Thrace, When Diomedes invited Herc over for lunch, Herc was the lunch. However, Herc ends up feeding Diomedes to them. 9. Amazon’s GIRDLE: - Heracles’ task was to steal the Queen of the Amazon’s belt, belt was given to her by Ares; Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, Hercules ended up killing Hippolyta 10. Geryon’s CATTLE - Geryon has three bodies, lives in the West, end of the earth (Spain). Land and daughter =Erytheia (“red”). Orthus, two-headed dog sets up “pillars of Hercules, rides back in Helios’ cup. Harder part of this task was herding the cattle back to Greece since people (ie. Posiedon) tried stealingt the cattle 11. APPLES of the Hesperides - In west, end of the earth (Algeria), Tricks Atlas; Apples were a wedding gift from Hera to Zeus, Hercules had no idea where the garden that has these apples were, Prometheus and Atlas agree to help, Atlas finds apples and asks Hercules to hold the weight of the world while he’s gone. Hercules tricks him into switching places with him. 12. CERBERUS - Three-headed dog of Hades that guards the dead from the living, captures from Hades, frees Theseus from Hades; *Parerga: “other labors assigned to Hercules” 1. Free Prometheus 2. Achelous and Cornucopia—Hercules wrestles Achelous (the horn) 3. Slays Antaeus, son of Earth—each time Hercules wrestled him, he would be revived by his mother Earth. Hercules picked him up and killed him above the Earth. 4. Wrestles tripod from Apollo—went to Delphi to try to steal Apollo’s oracular tripod 5. Slays Cacus, thief in Italy (Rome)—when in Rome a thief named Cacus tried to steal Hercules’ cattle, so Herc clubbed him to death. 6. Free Hesione; invades Troy——Hercules went to Troy to destroy its walls and capture its princess Hesione 7. Captures Cercopes, nasty imps 8. Slays priest of Egyptian Busiris 9. Defeats Alcyoneous in gigantomachy 10. Joins expedition of Argo (Golden Fleece) 11. Works for Queen Omphale—went to Lydia and performed woman’s chores. Crete— 1. Sir Arthur Evans— British archaeologist who unearthed the remains of the Minoan civilization (Knossos) on the island of Crete., excavated Knossos 2. Europa— Zeus fell in love with her and he disguised himself as a bull; lived in Crete together. 3. Minos— son of Zeus and Europa; he ordered Daedalus to build the Labyrinth to contain the Minotaur, every 9 years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young girls and seven

young boys to be sent to the Labyrinth as sacrifice to the Minotaur. 4. Minoan— the ancient civilization of the island of Crete, dating from about 3000 to 1100 b.c. 5. Rhadamanthys— son of Zeus and Europa, brother of Minos, and the justicer who rules the Elysian fields. 6. Asterius— King of Crete; who is the stepfather of the Minotaur. 7. Talos— was a giant man of bronze who protected Europa in Crete from pirates and invaders by circling the island's shores three times daily while guarding it. 8. Laelaps— Enchanted dog that always caught his prey; caught whatever he chased 9. Pasiphae— daughter of Helios, wife of Minos, mated with Cretan Bull and thus bore the Minotaur!!! Some say she was cursed with lust for the King’s finest bull and thus mated with the bull inside of a wooden bull created by Daedalus. 10. Daedalus— an Athenian inventor who built the Wooden Bull for Pasiphae and the Labyrinth of Minos. 11. Minotaur— a monster who was half man, half bull; young Athenian men and women were sacrificed for this beast in Cretan labyrinth until Theseus killed him (the beast) 12. Labyrinth— was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur. 13. Theseus— Birth: father "should not loosen the sine-sack until he gets home", Monsterslaying: Minotaur, Problems with women: Phaedra, Horrible Death: boiled to death 14. Adriadne— daughter of King Minos; fell in love with Theseus and promised to help him destroy the Minotaur if he would marry her; they never did get married. 15. Dia— was the daughter of Deioneus or Eion and mother of the Lapith Pirithous, whose marriage to Hippodameia was the occasion of the Lapiths' battle with the Centaurs. Like many nymph mothers of heroic figures, Dia had both a mortal husband, "cloud-like" Ixion,[2] and an immortal father of her child— Zeus, a sky-god himself, who wielded the thunderbolt.[3] In the plains of Thessaly under all this open sky and cloud, Dia's son was a horseman; ISLAND THAT LOOKS LIKE A SLEEPING WOMAN. Issues with her father-in-law and husband because her husband did not pay the bride price. 16. Naxos— a Greek island in the S Aegean, the largest of the Cyclades: ancient centre of the worship of Dionysius. 17. Icarus— son of Daedalus. while escaping from Crete with his father (using the wings Daedalus had made) he flew too close to the sun and the wax melted and he fell into the Aegean and drowned :( Corinth—a polis situated between the Peloponnese and central Greece 1. Sacred Prostitution— a woman gave up her virginity under the supervision of the cult of Ishtar/Aphrodite, and for a fee paid to the priests. 2. Bellerophon— 2 myths: First one: Stheneboea tried to seduce Bellerophon, but when he refused her advances, she accused him of attempted rape. Second one: He rides on Pegasus and kills the Chimaera. symbol for triumph over good or evil

3. Jason— Hero who captured the Golden Fleece (Corinth was the sight of his and Medea’s horrible divorce—in Corinth, Jason fell madly in love with the 4. Medea— Married/divorced Jason 5. Euripides— Wrote Medea, a famous Greek Tragedy Athens 1. Autochthonous—Born from the dirt 2. Cecrops—first earthborn king of Attica, he is half man, half snake!!!! Decides there will be 1 divinity, holds contest between Athena and Poseidon - Athena wins; 0 Variants: have to do w/ snakes 3. Erechtheus—Founder of the polis in Athens; attached to Poseidon as a diety, “earthy,” born from soil, name was used an epithet for Poseidon 4. Pandion—Son of Erectheus, father of the sisters procne and philomela, king of Athens! 5. Erichthonius—Autochthonous king of Athens; invented the four-horsed chariot; in the stars as the constellation Auriga (charioteer)Pandion—Son of Erichthonius; father of Erechtheus; king of Athens 6. Procne—Daughter of Pandion; sister to Philomela; helper her sister get revenge on her husband Tereus for cutting out her sister's tongue; turned into a swallow after fleeing Tereus 7. Philomela—Daughter of Pandion; sister to Procne; raped and had her tongue cut out by Procne's husband Tereus; got their revenge by serving his son to him in a meal; turned into a nightengale after fleeing Tereus 8. Cephalus—Married to Procris; stolen by Eos, had a son named Phaethon; came back to Procris, eventually obtained a javelin that never missed and a dog that always caught its prey; accidentally killed Procris with the javelin 9. Eos (Dawn)—Stole ...