Exam 3 study guide PDF

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Summary

This study guide covers streams and floods, groundwater, mass wasting and landslides, relative dating, and absolute dating. Also includes selected questions from mastering geology....

Description

Ex a m 3Re v i e wGui de( Jo l i naDr ue t z l e r–Ye nHanHo ) St r e a msa ndFl o o ds Wh a ta r et hed i ffe r e n tt y p e so fd r a i na g ep a t t e r n s ?Wh a td oe se a c ht e l lu sa b o u tt h eu n d e r l y i n g g e o l o gy ? ndr i t i c–s t r e a msb r a n c h , r oc kbe n e a t hi su n i f o r ml ye r od i b l e( l i k eat r e e ) ;d e v e l o p so n 1 .De r e l a t i v e l yu n i f or mb e d r oc k 2 .Ra di a l–s t r e a msflo woffr a di a lf e a t u r e s , l i k ev o l c a no e s ;d e v e l o p soni s o l a t e dv ol c a n i c d o me sorc o ne s 3 .Re c t a ng ul a r–s t r e a msa r eflo wi n ga l o n gf r a c t ur e si nr o c k s ;d e v e l o p so nh i g h l yj o i nt e d b e d r o c k 4 .Tr e l l i s–a l t e r n a t i n gl a y e r so fwe a ka n dr e s i s t a n tr oc k s ;d e v e l o p si na r e a so fa l t e r n a t i n g we a ka n dr e s i s t a ntb e d r oc k Wh a ti ss t r e a mg r a di e nt ?Wh e r ei si ts t e e p e s t ? 

Th ec ha n g eo v e raho r i z o n t a ld i s t a n c e( b a s i c a l l yt h es l o p e )

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Hi g hgr a di e n t=s t e e ps l o p e ;l o wgr a di e nt=s h a l l o ws l o p e

Wh a ti same a nd e r i n gs t r e a m? 

As i n u o u ss t r e a m( as n a k e l o o ki n gs t r e a m)

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Ri v e r s / s t r e a msme a nd e rwh e nd e p os i t i o no c c ur so non es i d e( c r e a t e sp o i n tb a r s :i n s i d eo f c u r v e )a n de r o s i o no nt h eo t h e r( d u et ov e l o c i t yv a r i a t i o n s )

Wh a ti sab r a i d e ds t r e a m? 

Se di me n t sd e p o s i t e di nt h emi d d l eo ft h es t r e a mori nt h ema i nc h a nn e lc a nc a u s et h e s t r e a mt os pr e a do u ta n df o r mabr a i d e ds t r e a m/ c h a nn e l

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For me di na r e a swi t hs e a s on a lv a r i a t i o n si ns t r e a mdi s c h a r g e

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Ex a mp l e :Al a s k a–hi g hs u mme rflo w, l o wwi n t e rflo w

Atabe n di name a n de r i n gr i v e rwh e r ed o e st h ema i ne r o s i ont a k ep l a c e ? 

Ou t s i deo fb e nd s

Wh a ti sa no x bo wl a k e( o rbi l l a bo n g ) ?Wh a tt y p eo fs t r e a ml e a d st ot h ef o r ma t i onofa no xb o w l a k e ? 

Me a n de r i n gs t r e a msc a ni n t e r s e c ta ndc u to ffame a n de rl o o pt oc r e a t ea no xb o wl a k e ( bi l l a b o n g )

Doflo od so n l yo c c urwh e r ehu ma na c t i v i t i e sa l t e rn a t ur a ls t r e a ms y s t e ms ? 

Th emo s tc o mmonc a u s ei st h ee x c e s sp r e c i p i t a t i o n

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Hu ma na c t i v i t i e sDONOTc a u s efloo d i n gbu tt h e yc a nma k eflo od i n gwo r s e o De v e l o p me n t ss uc ha spa r ki n gl o t s ,r o a d s , a ndh o us ea l t e rt h en a t u r a ls ur f a c e st h a t mi g h to t h e r wi s ea b s o r bo rs l o wt h emv t .o fwa t e r o Re mo v a lo fwe t l a nd s( t h e ya c ta swa t e rs t o r a g er e s e r v oi r s )

Wh a ti st hemos t c o mmo nc a us eo fflo o di n g ?Wa st h i st h ec a u s eoft h eNa s h vi l l eflo odo fMa y 2 0 10 ? 

Ex c e s sr a i n( pr e c i p i t a t i o n ) , y e s .

Gr oundwa t e r Te x t boo k:Chapt e r5 Wh a ti spe r me a bi l i t y ?Wh a ti sp o r o s i t y ? 

Pe r me a bi l i t y :a b i l i t yt ot r a n s mi twa t e r( flu i d )t h r ou g hc o nn e c t e dp o r es p a c e s

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Po r os i t y :p e r c e n t a g eo fp o r es p a c e s( e mp t ys p a c e s ) ;i tme a s ur e sar o c k ’ sa b i l i t yt oh ol d flu i do rh o wmu c hgr ou n d wa t e rc a nb es t or e d

Ho wdop or o s i t ya n dp e r me a b i l i t ya ffe c tt h ec ho i c eo fag o odl o c a t i o nf orawe l l ? 

Al o c a t i o nwi t hh i g hp o r o s i t ya n dpe r me a bi l i t yi sag o ods i t ef o rawe l l be c a u s ei ta l l o ws wa t e rt op a s st h r o u g h

Wh a ti st hewa t e rt a b l e ? 

Th eu pp e rl i mi t oft h ez on eo fs a t u r a t i o n ;ma r kst h es u r f a c eo ft h eun d e r g r o u n dt r a pp e d wa t e r

Wh yi s n ’ tt h ewa t e rt a bl efla t ? 

Wa t e rt a bl e so f t e nf o l l o wt h et o p o g r a p h y , o ru p wa r dso rd o wn wa r d st i l t s , o ft h el a nd a b o v et h e m

Wh i c hdi r e c t i o nd oe sg r ou n d wa t e ra l wa y st r a v e li n ? 

Do wnt h es l o p eoft h ewa t e rt a bl e( o ne x a m! ! )

De s c r i b et h es oi l a nds e di me n tb e l o wt h ewa t e rt a bl e . 

So i la nds e d i me n tb e l o wt h ewa t e rt a b l ea r ei nt h ez on eo fs a t u r a t i o n

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Sa t u r a t e dwi t hwa t e r

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Th es o i la n ds e d i me n t sg e tl e s sp e r me a b l ea st h e yg e td e e pe ri n t ot h egr o un d

Wh a ti st hez o n eo fs a t ur a t i o n ?Wh a ti st hez o neo fa e r a t i o n ? 

Zo n eo fs a t u r a t i o n o Al l po r es p a c e si nt h ema t e r i a la r efil l e dwi t hgr o u nd wa t e r

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Zo n eo fa e r a t i o n( u n s a t ur a t e dz o n e ) o Por es p a c e si nt h ema t e r i a la r emo s t l yfil l e dwi t ha i r

Wh a ti sa na q u i f e r ?Ho wd oc on fin e da ndun c on fin e da q u i f e r sd i ffe r ? 

Aqui f e r :ap e r me a b l el a y e ro fma t e r i a l ;r e gi o n so fs a t ur a t e dr o c ki nwh i c ht h ewa t e rc a n mo v ee a s i l y

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Ex c e l l e n ts i t ef o rwe l l s

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Ge n e r a l l ys e d i me n t a r yr o c k sa r ep e r me a bl ea n di g n e ou sr o c ksa r en o t

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Co nfine dAqui f e r s :c a nr e c h a r g ea n dfil lu ps l o wl y( s a nd wi c h e db/ ta q u i t a r d s )

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Unc o nfine dAqui f e r s : r e s p on dq u i c kl yt or a i n f a l l( wa t e rt a bl en e a rs ur f a c e )

Wh a ti st he“ r e c h a r g er a t eo fa na q u i f e r ” ?  Th er e c h a r g er a t eo fa na q u i f e rpr o v i d e ss o mei n d i c a t i o no ft h eq u a n t i t yo fwa t e rt h a tc a n b epu mp e di nas u s t a i n a bl ema nn e r . Thev e l o c i t ya twh i c hgr ou n d wa t e rflo wst o wa r d s l a k e sa n doc e a n sv a r yf r o maf e wc e n t i me t e r st oaf e wme t e r sp e ry e a r .

Wh a ti st hec o n eo fd e p r e s s i o n ? 

Wh e nwa t e ri sb e i n gpu mpe d , t h ec o neofde pr e s s i o ni st hed r a wd o wno fwa t e ra r o u n da we l l( e x a m! ! )

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Th es h a p et h a twa t e rt a k e sonn e a rapu mpi n gwe l l

Wh ya r eh o ts p r i n g sh o t ? 

He a t e db yc o o l i n gofi g ne o u sr o c k sb e n e a t ht h es u r f a c e( e x a m! ! )

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Wa t e ri swa r me rt h a nt h ea i rt e mpe r a t ur eoft h el o c a t i o n( 6 9 º Cwa r me r )

Wh a ti ska r s tt o p o gr a ph y ? 

For me db yd i s s o l v i n gr oc ka to rn e a rEa r t h ’ ss ur f a c e

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For mi na r e a st h a tl a c kg o ods u r f a c ed r a i n a g e

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Mo s t l yi na r e a swi t hl i me s t o ne s

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Si n kh ol e sf o r me db yd i s s o l ut i ono fb e d r o c ko rc a v e r nc o l l a ps e

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Commonf e a t ur e si n c l ud es i n kh ol e s ,c a v e s , a ndc a v e r n s

Wh e r ed oc a v e sf o r mwi t hr e s p e c tt ot h ewa t e rt a b l e ? 

For me db yd i s s o l v i n gr oc kbe ne a t he a r t h ’ ss ur f a c e( e x a m! ! )

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For me di nt h ez o n eofs a t u r a t i o n( e x a m! ! )

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St a l a c t i t e s&s t a l a g mi t e sf or mi nc a v e swh e nt h e ya r ei nt h ez o n eo fa e r a t i o n

Wh a tt y p eo fr o c kd oc a v e smo s tc ommon l yf o r mi n ? 

Li me s t o ne

Ma s sWa s t i ng& La nds l i de s Te x t boo k:Chapt e r4( 1 1t he d. p. 1 0 21 11 ;1 2 t he d.p.1 02 11 0 ;1 3 t he d. p. 10 2 1 1 3 ) Wh a ti st heul t i ma t ec a us eo fma s swa s t i n g ?

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Wh e nt h ef o r c eo fg r a vi t yo v e r c o me st h es t r e n g t hofma t e r i a l

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Fa c t o r si n flu e n c i n gs l o pef a i l u r e o Gr a v i t yc a us e sma t e r i a l st omo v ed o wn s l op e s o Fr i c t i o na c t st op r e v e nto rs l o wdo wnmo v e me n t o Wh e nmo v e me n td o wnas l o p eo c c u r s , t h i si sc a l l e ds l o p ef a i l u r e

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Un s t a b l es i t u a t i o nf a c t o r s o St e e pe rs l o p e s o T yp e so fma t e r i a l( de b r i s , r o c ks ) o Wa t e r o Re mo v i n gv e g e t a t i on

Ho wc a nwes t a bi l i z es l o p e s ? 

Ma k et h ewe a kp l a ne ss t r o n g e r

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Us ec a b l e st op r e v e nts l i d i n ga l o n gt h ep l a n e so fwe a kne s s( s t i t c h i n gt hes l op e s )

Wh a ta r er o c kf a l l , r oc ks l i d e , c r e e p, s l u mp, d e br i sflo w, mu dflo w, l a ha r sa n ds o l i fluc t i o n ? 

Ro c kf al l :r a pi dp i e c eo fr o c kf r e ef a l l i n g

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Ro c kSl i de :r oc kr a p i d l ymo v ed o wnawe l l d e fin e ds l o p e

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Cr e e p:v e r ys l o wd o wnh i l lmo v e me n to fs o i l ord e b r i s( i n d i c a t o r si n c l u d et i l t e dt r e e s , be d r o c k s , a n dma n ma d es t r u c t u r e s ) ;c a u s e sf e n c e sa ndu t i l i t ypo l e st ot i l t

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Sl ump:d o wn wa r ds l i d i n go fama s so fr e g ol i t ha l o n gac ur v e ds u r f a c e( r a p i d )

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De br i sflo w:ma t e r i a l sflo wdo wn h i l la sac h a o t i cmi xo fs o i l , r oc k , a ndwa t e r( c a nbe r a pi d )

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MudFl o w:s i mi l a rt ode br i sflo wbu ti sfin egr a i n e ds e di me nt s( mu d )a ndf ol l o wss t r e a m c h a nn e l s

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Laha r s :mu d flo wc o mp o s e dmo s t l yo fv ol c a ni cma t e r i a l so nt h efla n k sofv ol c a n oe s

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So l i fluc t i o n:oc c u r si na r e aun d e r l a i nb yp e r ma f r o s t ; up p e r( a c t i v e )s o i ll a y e rb e c ome s e x a m! ! ) s a t u r a t e da nds l o wl yflo wso v e raf r o z e ns u r f a c eb e l o w(

Wh a tc a u s e sc r e e p ?( Re v i e wMa s t e r i n gGe o l o gySma r tFi gu r eonc r e e p) 

Ca us e db yt h ei n t e r a c t i o no fmu l t i pl ef a c t o r s , b u th e a v i n gi sl i k e l yt h emos t i mpo r t a nt p r oc e s s

Ti me( Re l a t i v eandAbs o l ut eda t i ng ) Te x t boo k:Chapt e r11 Wh a t ’ st h ed i ffe r e nc eb e t we e n“ r e l a t i v eda t i n g ”a nd“ a b s ol u t ed a t i n g ” ? 

Re l a t i v eda t i n g :i swh e nwep utr oc kl a y e r so re v e n t si nas e q ue n c e( e x a m! ! )

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Ab s o l u t eda t i n g :i swh e nwee s t a bl i s han u me r i c a la g ef o rar o c kl a y e r( e x a m! ! )

Wh a ta r et h ep r i n c i p l e so fd e t e r mi n i n gr e l a t i v ea g e ?Ho wd ot h e s epr i n c i p l e st e l l y out h er e l a t i v e a g eoft h er o c kl a y e r s ?Bea bl et ou s et he s epr i n c i p l e st od e t e r mi n ewh i c hf e a t ur e sa r e o l d e r / y ou n g e rt h a no t h e r s . St u d yt h er e l a t i v ed a t i n gho me wor k . 1 .Supe r pos i t i o n:t h eol de s tr oc ksi na nu n d i s t r i bu t e ds e q u e n c ea r eo nt h eb o t t o m 2 .Or i g i na lho r i z ont a l i t y :s e di me n t sa r ed e po s i t e dh or i z on t a l l y ;t i l t e dbe dsh a v eb e e n d i s t r i b ut e ds i n c ed e p os i t i o n 3 .La t e r alc o nt i nui t y :s t a t e st h a ts e di me n t a r yl a y e r se x t e n do u t wa r du nt i lt h e yt a p e roffa t t h e i re d g e s 4 .Cr o s sc ut t i ngr e l a t i o ns hi p:s t a t e st h a tay o un g e rf e a t u r ec u t st h r ou g ha nol d e rf e a t u r e 5 .I nc l us i o n:s t a t e st h a tf r a g me nt si nc l u d e di nah o s tr o c ka r eol d e rt h a nt h eh os tr o c k Wh a ti st hepr i n c i p l eofi n c l u s i o n s ?Ho wc a ny o uu s ei t t ot e l l wh i c hr o c kt y p ei so l d e r ? 

I nc l us i o n:s t a t e st h a tf r a g me n t si n c l u d e di nah o s tr o c ka r eo l d e rt h a nt h eho s tr o c k

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“ p r e e xi s t i n gc a k e ”e x a mpl e :f r a g me nt sc a nn o tb et h e r ewi t ho u tap r e e xi s t i n gma t e r i a l

Wh a ta r eu n c o n f or mi t i e s ?De fin et h et y pe so fu n c on f or mi t i e s . Bea bl et oi de n t i f yt h ed i ffe r e nt t y p e sofu nc o n f or mi t i e s . 

Un c o n f o r mi t i e sa r eb ou n d a r i e sb e t we e nr o c kl a y e r sb e dd i n gpl a n e swe r et h e r ei sag a pi n t h eg e o l o gi ct i me

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Be d d i n gp l a n e s :i st hec o n t a c tb e t we e nd i ffe r e ntr o c kl a y e r s( s ho wst h es wi t c h )

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Di ffe r e ntt y p e s : o An gu l a ru n c on f or mi t y :y o u n g e rr o c k so v e r l i ey ou n g e ro rt i l t e dr oc k s o Di s c o n f o r mi t i e s :r o c kl a y e r sa r emi s s i n gb u tt h ebe dsa r es t i l lp a r a l l e lt oon e a n o t h e r o No n c on f o r mi t i e s :a ne r o s i o ns u r f a c eo fp l u t o n i c( i g ne ou s )o rme t a mor p hi cr o c ki s o v e r l a i nb yy o u n g e rs e d i me n t a r yr o c k s

Wh i c hpa r to ft h eGr a ndCa n y oni st h ey o u n g e s t ?Wh a td ot h ed i ffe r e n tr oc kl a y e r soft h eGr a nd Ca n y o nt e l lu s ? 

Th et o pl a y e r ; t hedi ffe r e ntr o c kl a y e r sr e p r e s e nt sadi ffe r e nte n v i r on me nta ndc l i ma t e

Wh a ti st hede fin i t i ono fah a l f l i f e ? 

Th et i mei tt a k e sf o ron e h a l fo ft h ea t o mso ft h ep a r e ntt ode c a yi n t od a u g h t e ra t o ms

Exp l a i nh o wt h ec on c e n t r a t i ono fa ni s o t o p ec h a n g e so v e rt i me , us i n gt h ec o nc e p to ft h eh a l f l i f e . Gi v e nt h en u mbe ro fi n i t i a l( p a r e n t )i s o t op ea t o ms ,t hen u mbe ro fr e ma i n i n g( d a u g ht e r )i s o t o pe a t o msa ndt h el e n gt ho ft h eh a l f l i f e , b ea b l et oc a l c ul a t et h ea g eoft h er o c k . 

I s o t o p e sa r ev a r i e t i e sa r ee l e me n tt h a td i ffe rb yt h en umbe ro fne ut r o nsi nt h en u c l e u s

Ho wma n yp a r e nti s o t o p e sd oe sar o c ks t a r twi t h ? 

Th ed e c a y i n gi s o t o p ei st h ep a r e nti s o t o p e

Ho wma n yd a u g h t e ri s o t o p e sd o e sar o c ks t a r twi t h ? 

Th ed a u g ht e ri s o t o p ei sf o r me db yd e c a y

Wh ydo e sa b s o l u t ed a t i n gwo r kf o ri g n e o usr o c kb utn o tf o rs e di me n t a r yr o c k ? 

Se di me n t a r yr o c k sha v ef r a gme n t so fo t h e rr o c ks

Wh a ts o r to fma t e r i a lc a nb ed a t e dus i n gr a di o c a r b o n( Ca r bo n1 4)da t i n g ? 

Ni t r o g e n

Wh a ti st heg e ol o g i c a la g eo ft h eEa r t h?

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4 . 5 4b i l l i o ny e a r sol d

Multiple choice questions to review  Which of the following is the primary step that allows water to enter the groundwater system? Infiltration  Water falling in Illinois would ultimately end up where? Gulf of Mexico  Which of the following statements about drainage basins is FALSE? Drainage basins only contain one river  Which of the following statements is true? Low gradient is associated with deposition  Which of the following statements about deposition and erosion around meander loops is true? Erosion occurs where water is moving the fastest along the outside of the loop. Deposition occurs where water is moving the slowest along the inside of the loop.  What causes meandering streams to downcut and become incised meanders? uplift of the land the stream is flowing on  Which of the following is likely to occur to an incised meander after it reaches equilibrium with its new base level? The incised meander will cause only minor erosion of the canyon walls.  Which of the following statements accurately describe the erosional processes of meanders that are incising and meanders that are in equilibrium? Incising meanders erode primarily by downcutting; Meanders in equilibrium erode primarily in a side-to-side manner.  Which of the following would produce a LOWER water table? an increase in the amount of discharge to surface water and a decrease in the amount of recharge to groundwater  How does the use of water by humans affect the water table? Use of water by humans increases discharge, resulting in lowered water tables.  What is the water table? the top of the saturated zone beneath Earth's surface  How does the water table change around a pumping water well? The water table elevation decreases  When will a cone of depression stop enlarging? when the amount of water flowing toward the well equals the amount of water being pumped out of the well  How is a fall different from creep? Falls occur rapidly and in areas with high slope, whereas creep occurs slowly in areas with low slope.  How are slumps and slides related? Slumps are a type of slide in the special case where the rupture surface is curved.  What would likely happen to a fence on a hill over time if the fence were built perpendicular to the hill's slope? The top of the fence would likely bend uphill as creeping rocks moved under the fence and pushed the fence bottom downslope.  How are debris avalanches and flows related? Debris avalanches are large, rapid flows of rock.  Creep is mass wasting by the gradual downhill movement of sediment, influenced by freeze-thaw or wet-dry cycles  Describe how a soil particle moves downhill during the freeze-thaw process. During the freeze, a soil particle moves at a right angle away from the surface, and thawing causes the particle to fall back to a slightly lower level.  A __________ is a common result of creep. Broken retaining wall  Following the deposition of a sequence of sedimentary rocks, which event is the first to occur to produce an angular unconformity? Deformation

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