Clinical Psychology Midterm Study Guide PDF

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All essential notes from the assigned readings and lecture slides important for the midterm. Color coded and included charts organizing most popular projective and objective personality tests. ...

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https://quizlet.com/_4vmhwc PSYC167 Midterm Study Guide Chapter 1 The Evolution of the Definition from early 1900s-today: What is Clinical Psychology “Clinical Psychology” was first used in print by Lightner Witmer in 1907. Witmer envisioned clinical psychology as a discipline with similarities to a variety of other fields, specifically medicine, education, and sociology. Therefore, a clinical psychologist was a person whose work with others involved aspects of treatment, education, and interpersonal issues. In his earliest writings he foresaw clinical psychology as applicable to people of all ages with a variety of problems. Difficult to define because as a group, today clinical psychologists do many things, with many different goals, for many different people. According to various textbooks, clinical psychology is the branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological problems or disorders does NOT portray all they do. The Division of Clinical Psychology (Division 12) of the American Psychological Association says the field of clinical psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functions across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels. Compare: The Scientist Practitioner (Boulder) Model Balancing Practice and Research. In 1949 the first conference on graduate training in clinical psychology was held in Boulder, Colorado. An important consensus was reached: training in clinical psychology should jointly emphasize both practice and research. Graduate students should conduct both clinical work and their own empirical research (thesis and dissertation). These graduate programs would be housed in departments of psychology at universities and they would be awarded the PhD degree. The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Leaning towards Practice over Research. Addressed in 1973 in a conference in Vail, Colorado. Discontent rose because many psychologists felt they did not need to study science because all they wanted to do was practice. So a new doctoral degree was born - the PsyD. PhD vs. PsyD PsyD - gets more students than PhD, less competitive, more students accepted each year (less PsyD programs offered though), book gives this a negative light, can stand alone from university psych departments, can achieve quicker than PhD, do not have to conduct your own research PhD - usually housed in university psych departments, must conduct your own research, more competitive The Clinical Scientist Model Leaning towards Research over Practice. 1990s movement towards increased empiricism - argued science should be the bedrock of clinical psychology. A new degree

- a PhD FROM a clinical scientist programs implies strong emphasis on the scientific method and evidence-based clinical methods. In 1991 Richard McFall published an article that served as a rallying call for clinical scientist movement. A few years later a conference at Indiana University founded the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science. McFall was president for first few years. Emphasizing Competencies A growing emphasis in training, emphasizing outcome-based skills the students must be able to demonstrate. Ensures that students who graduate from clinical psychology programs not only will have earned good grades but will also be able to apply what they learned. Graduate Training - What is Best? Aspiring clinical psychologists must obtain a doctoral degree in clinical psych about 3000 awarded a year. Most enter program with only a bachelor's degree, but some enter with a masters. Those entering with a bachelors training is at least 4 years then a 1 year predoctoral internships. Coursework includes psychotherapy, assessment, stats, research design, methodology, different bases of behavior, etc. After course they do a postdoctoral internship that has more responsibilities. Insider’s Guide is good resource to educate and advise aspiring clinical psychology graduate students. Not easy, on average PhD programs receive 270 applications and only admit 6%. Internships Predoctoral Internship All doctoral programs culminate here. of 1 year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting (ex. Psychiatric hospital). Takes place before PhD or PsyD is awarded. Generally considered a year of transition where one goes from student to professional. Many accredited by APA. Postdoctoral Internship Takes on more responsibilities than predoctoral interns but still under supervision. After completing required number of hours and passing licensing exams, they become licensed and to practice independently. Getting Licensed Getting licensed means professionals have the right to identify as members of the profession - to present themselves as psychologists and to practice independently. Must pass the multiple choice Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) and a state-specific exam on laws and ethics. Once licensed, must accumulate continuing education units (CEUs) to renew the license from year to year. Can get by attending workshops, taking course, passing exams, additional specialized training. Purpose to acquiring CEUs is to ensure clinical psychologist stay up to date on developments in the field with the intention of maintaining/improving standard of care. Where do Clinical Psychologists work?

Wide variety but private practice is the most common (30-41%). 2nd most common is in the university psychology department. Others include psychiatric hospitals, general hospitals, community mental health centers, medical schools, and Veterans Affairs medical centers. Least common is working in government agency, public schools, university counseling center. What do Clinical Psychologists do? Psychotherapy is most common. Other involved in research, assessment, diagnosis, consultation, administration. Compare with Clinical Psychologists: Counseling Psychologists Historically known as working with less disturbed people than clinical psychologists, but today they see similar clients. Often both earn PhD and obtain same licensing status. Clinical psychologists tend to work more in hospitals and inpatient psychiatric units. Counseling psychologists work more in university counseling centers. Clinical endorses behaviorism more strongly and counseling endorses humanistic/client-centered approaches. Clinical psych more interested in applications to medical settings whereas counseling psych are more interested in vocational testing and career counseling. Psychiatrists Unlike counseling or clinical they go to med school and are licensed as physicians. Allowed to prescribe medicine. Psychiatrist training emphasizes extent that disorders are viewed first as physiological abnormalities of the brain so to fix the problem they prescribe medicine. What are social workers, school psychologists, and professional counselors? Social Workers Focus work on the interaction between an individual and the components of society that may contribute to or alleviate the individuals problems. See problems as products of socials ills (ex. Racism, abuse, etc). Help clients by connecting them with social services, like welfare agencies or disability offices. Likely to get into the “nittygritty” of their client's worlds by visiting their homes or workplaces. Typically earn a masters degree (not doctorate) and little emphasis on research methods. Theories of psychopathology and therapy emphasize social and environmental factors. School Psychologists Primary function to enhance intellectual, emotional, social, and developmental lives of students. Frequently conduct psychological testing (intelligence and achievement) to determine diagnosis such as learning disorders and ADHD. use programs designed to meet educational and emotional needs of students. Also consult with adults in students lives and are involved to a limited degree in direct counseling with students. Professional Counselors AKA Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) earn a masters degree and often complete training within 2 years. Attend graduate programs in counseling or professional counselings (NOT SAME AS COUNSELING PSYCH PROGRAMS). Higher

acceptance. Work involves counseling and little emphasis on psychological testing or conducting research. Each state has some version of professional counselor licensure. Chapter 2 Note: The discipline of Clinical Psychology did not exist until the turn of the 20th century and did not rise to prominence for decades after that. Early Pioneers: William Tuke (1732-1822) from England, visited asylums was was appalled. Raised funds to open the York Retreat - residential treatment center where mentally ill would be cared for with kindness, dignity, and decency. Retreat became an example of humane treatment. Phillippe Pinel (1845-1826) from France, worked successfully to move mentally ill people out of dungeons in Paris where they were held as inmates than treated as patients. Went great lengths to commit authorities that mentally ill were not possessed by devils and deserved compassion. Created new institutions with better conditions. Advocated for staff t o include in their treatment of each patient a case history, ongoing treatment notes, and an illness classification - components interested in improving these individuals rather than locking them away. Wrote Treatise on Insanity in 1806, we get his goal of empathy rather than cruelty towards mentally ill. Eli Todd (1762-1832) physician in Connecticut in 1800s, a time where family held burden of caring for mentally ill. Spread the word of Pinels efforts to medical colleagues in the US. opened Connecticut retreat, patients got own say in their treatment process Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) USA, worked in jails and saw inhumane treatment, went around states collecting data to highlight abuses and presented to community, lead to establishment of 30+ institutions for mentally ill Lightner Witmer 1st to operate a psychological clinic. His first clients were children with behavioral and educational problems. 1st scholarly journal: The Psychological Clinic (1907). Assessment and the Development of Key Diagnostic Systems from 1800s - today In 1800s in Europe mental illness placed in one of 2 broad categories: neurosis and psychosis. Neurotic people were thought to suffer from psychiatric symptoms (today's anxiety and depression) but to maintain an intact grasp on reality. Psychotic people demonstrated a break from reality (hallucinations, delusions, grossly disorganized thinking). Emil Kraepelin (AKA the “Father of Descriptive Psychiatry”) differentiated exogenous (caused by external factors) from endogenous disorders. Suggested exogenous disorders were easier to treat. Put fourth term dementia praecox to describe one endogenous disorder (like todays schizophrenia). Also proposed terms such as paranoia, manic depressive psychosis, autistic personality, etc. This specific terminology set precedent for creation of terms that eventually led to the Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

In US, before DSM, used one category - idiocy/insanity in 1840. By 1880 there were 7 categories. Process of Deciding What will become a DSM Disorder Original DSM was published by American Psychiatric Association in 1952, DSMII followed in 1968 (not much different). DSM-III in 1980 was most significantly different of all revisions because it provided specific diagnostic criteria - lists indicating exactly what symptoms constituite each disorder, and also had a multiaxial system - a way of cataloguing problems of different kinds on different axes (not in most recent). DSM-III was also very much larger. Assessment of Intelligence Edward Lee Thorndike promoted idea that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences. Charles Spearman led a group that argued for the existence of “g”, a general intelligence thought to overlap with many particular abilities. Alfred Binet - in early 1900s France the government sought to determine which students qualified for special services. Binet along with Theodore Simon created the first Binet-Simon scale in 1905. This test gave one overall score endorsing the concept of “g”/ First to incorporate a comparison of mental age to chronological age as a measure of intelligence. This yielded the “IQ” (intelligence quotient). Lewis Terman revised this scale in 1937 to become known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. This scale was child focused. David Wechsler created Wechsler-Bellevue test that was designed specifically for adults. Since then it has been revised - first the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955. In 1949 released Wechsler released a child’s version - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) which included specific subtests as well as verbal and performance scales. In 1967 created the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Assessment of Personality *more in later chapter Term “mental test” was first used by James McKeen Cattell in 1890 - at the time referred to basic tests of abilities such as reaction time, memory, and sensation/perception. Today assessment used broadly - from job screenings and forensic purposes. Hermann Rorschach in 1921 published a test of 10 inkblots. This projective personality test was known as the Rorschach Inkblot Method. It was based on the assumption that people project their personalities onto vague/ambiguous stimuli - so the way they perceive the inkblots corresponds to the way they perceive the world. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was a projective test made by Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray in 1935. Instead of inkblots, the cards depicted people in scenes that could be interpreted broadly. Objective Personality Tests are more scientifically sound than projective tests, these tests use utensil and paper instruments for clients who answer questions on themselves our experiences. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) by Starke Hathaway and

JC McKinley was originally published in 1943 and had 550 true-false statements. In 1989 the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) was published that included minorities and had more appropriate norms. In 1992 an adolescent version was created (MMPI-A). All versions were easy to administer, score, demonstrate reliability + validity, and clinical utility. Psychotherapy Primary activity of clinical psychologists today. Since the field was founded in 1930, did not start being primary activity until 1950s. In the 1950s the psychodynamic approach to therapy dominated. Shortly after emerged behavioral approach to therapy emphasizing the empirical method where problems are measured in observable + quantifiable terms. The empirical emphasis was a reaction to to the lack of empiricism in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Humanistic therapy flourished in the 1960s under Carl Rogers relationship-and growth-oriented approach to therapy that many found attractive. The family therapy revolution sparked in 1950s and when the 1970s came understanding mentally ill people as symptomatic of a flawed system had become a legitimate and preferred therapeutic perspective. Today most interest in cognitive therapy that emphasizes on logical thinking as the foundation of psychological wellness . Timeline of Development of the Profession

Chapter 4 Multiculturalism as the “Fourth Force” in Clinical Psychology It became a defining issue of current psychology because of its impact on mental health professionals has been co extensive. It represents a fundamental change of emphasis. Unlike other forces because it enhances/strengthens existing models by infusing them with sensitivity and awareness of how they can be best applied to individuals of various cultural backgrounds. It shapes the way client understands the very problem for which he/she is seeking help (this understanding should be used to help the client) Other forces: Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanism Professional Efforts in Clinical Psychology Addressing Multiculturalism There are many ways. In the 1970s efforts towards educating therapists on importance of race and ethnicity. By 1990s were much more widespread and compressive in terms of the variables. In recent years many books and publication on cultural issues in mental health (see table 4.1 page 72)

The DSM-5 embeds cultural variation in specific disorders for it has: ○ an “Outline for Cultural Formulation” ○ Glossary listing cultural concepts of distress - has 9 terms that represent psychological problems observed in groups from various parts of the world; for example ■ Taijin Kyofusho - anxiously avoids interpersonal situations because they believe their appearance/odor will offend others ■ Susto - frightening event causes soul to leave the body resulting in depression ■ Malady moun - one can send psychological problems such as depression and psychosis to another usually a result of envy or hatred towards other person’s success Revisions of prominent assessment methods to address multiculturalism In 1989 MMPI-2 was updated version that was based on much more representative population samples. The Wechsler adult and children scales revised to minimize cultural bias and maximize cultural inclusion. How Cultural Competence could be Demonstrated with Diverse Psychotherapy Clients It is important that therapists are cultural competent because clients are more likely to form stronger relationships with them. To have cultural competence you need cultural self-awareness and knowledge about diverse cultures. 3 components: cultural self-awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills. Cultural self-awareness is first to learn with cultural competence; there so therapist may come to recognize that differences between people are not necessarily deficiencies and so they do not gloss over differences. Knowledge of diverse cultures is also necessary: ○ Latino/a: factors of assessment may include citizenship or residency, relevant generational history, English fluency, ○ Asian and American: intra-group heterogeneity, in family relations equilibrium/duty/obligation/appearance of harmonious relations are important, emphasize connectedness of family, more collectivistic in cultural orientation ○ European American: prioritize separateness and clear boundaries in relationships, more individualistic ○ American Indian/Alaska Native: good when counselor carefully internalizes and uses 3 basic characteristic in counseling settings, counselors must be adaptive and flexible in their personal orientations and in their use of conventional techniques ○ African American: self-knowledge of cultural competence is key, counselors know that cultural difference is not a deficiency ○ Irish American: extremely uncomfortable asking questions about their inner feelings, Irish history of hiding their feelings ○ Female: gender is interwoven in his/her culture, be aware of own gender

bias ○ Middle Eastern: there is predominantly negative images on social media that must be avoided, in their culture welfare of family is more important than the individual ○ LGBT: indicate knowledge of LGBT, use inclusive language ○ Jewish American: hard to know if they are Jewish Micro agressions - comments, not outright obvious, but that can be invalidating to the client Major Perspectives on the Similarities/Differences Among People Etic vs. Emic Perspective: In 1993, Dana describes 2 distinct perspectives psychologists use, Etic and Emic. The terms derived from terms phonetic (sounds common to all languages) and phonemic (sounds specific to a particular language). Etic - Emphasizes similarities between all people, assumes universality among all people and generally does not attach important to differences among cultural groups, more dominant in early days of psychology when mostly male psychologists Emic - Recognizes and emphasizes culture-specific norms, considers a client’s behaviors/thoughts/feelings within the client’s own culture rather than imposing norms another culture, gives more opportunity to appreciate and understand how the client may be viewed by their own cultural group. Tripartite Model of Personal Identity: Offered by Sue and S...