COM EXAM 2 Review - Study guide for COM 107 second exam with Hedges PDF

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Study guide for COM 107 second exam with Hedges ...

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COM 107 EXAM 2 Study Guide October DO NOT NEED TO KNOW

CHAPTER 16: LEGAL CONTROLS AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION KEY CONCEPTS 1. Why is this case of New York Times v Sullivan so significant in First Amendment History? a. “Standard for libel law” i. Libel- a written form of slander, that specifically defames a person and cause public ridicule b. City commissioner of Montgomery sued NY Times because he said in an ad supporting MLK they were defaming hIM INDIRECTLY i. Supreme court ruled that alabama's libel law violated the Times’ first amendment rights c. Rules regarding Libel differ from public (famous, well known people) to private individuals d. Sullivan v NY Times allows news operations to aggressively pursue legitimate news stories without fear of continuous litigation 2. Pentagon Papers a. A thorough study of US involvement in Vietnam since World War II the report was classified by the government as top secret. Leaked by Ellisburg, then NYT started publishing works based on the PP. The Nixon blocked this because it presented a clear and present danger to national security b. But then the court sided with the government and attacked the government's attempt to suppress the publication 3. Copyright Infringement- appropriating an artists words or music without content or payment KEY TERMS Fourth Estate- the notion that the press operates as an official branch of government, monitoring the legislative, judicial, and executive branches for abuses of power Prior Restraint- the legal definition of censorship in the United States; it prohibits courts and governments from blocking any publication or speech before it actually occurs Slander v Libel- slander is the spoken form, libel is written or broadcasted form, falsely targeting a specific person in a negative way Right to Privacy- right to be left alone, his/ her name, identity, or daily activities becoming public information

PROFESSOR BROWN LECTURE The First Amendment - Press is seen as 4th branch of government - We need to know what’s going on in the government and be able to talk about it - Why? - Government way too powerful, checks and balances needed - Inherent right to be able to express ourselves - Distrust of government What is prior restraint - Gov censorship of speech before it occurs - A requirement that newspapers must obtain licenses before printing - A govt order prohibiting the publication of a specific document - Presumably unconstitutional Is the first amendment absolute? Exceptions: - Inciting violence - Falsing causing a scare - Slander - Obscenity - Invasion of privacy - Advertising is heavily regulated - Child pornography - Broadcast regulation Private entities can have their own rules and regulations The First AM protects us from just government restrictions on speech Evolution - Not clearly defined until 20th century - Lot of oppression of speech until WWI - Schenck v United States - Fire! - Marketplace of ideas - Counter speech - Against WWI - Supreme court says it’s exactly like yelling fire in a theater… not exactly though Why is it important to protect the speech we hate? - Democracy isn't a one way street

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Can't just block anything that will start a controversial conversation I may not agree with what you say but im gonna defend to the death your right to say it

Hierarchy of SPeech Political speech Non political protected speech Semi protected speech Unprotected speech - Means the gov can regulate it however it wants - Doesn’t mean it has to, but if it wants it can Trump can’t block people on twitter- unconstitutional - limits what they can know so Broadcasting regulation - Able to exist Limited spectrum of broadcast - Scarcity of stations allows government to control - Government acts as a trustee - Broadcasting is very intrusive - Can’t unhear can’t unsee, open something turn it on its right there - Indecent words are not allowed - between 6am-10pm CHAPTER 14 KEY CONCEPTS 1. Be able to explain and identify what makes a story newsworthy. Be able to name and define all 9 criteria of newsworthiness 2. Newsworthiness- information most worthy of transformation into news stories a. Timeliness i. Speeches, meeting crimes that had JUST happened b. Proximity i. Events occurred close by to readers and viewers, own towns or communities c. Conflict i. Seek quotes from opposing views to develop narratives d. Prominence i. News stories on powerful, influential people e. Human Interest i. Extraordinary incidents that happen to ordinary people

f. Consequence i. Isolated or bizarre crimes , have little impact on our lives but may be a consequence to majority readers or viewers g. Usefulness i. Look for stories about practical use, hints on buying a used car or applying to college h. Novelty i. Events that happen outside the routine of daily life i. Deviance i. Deviate from social norms 3. Gans Subjective Values of Journalism a. Believed that several basic enduring values are shared by american editors and reporters b. Ethnocentrism i. Reporters judge other countries and cultures based on how they live up to or imitate american practices values c. Responsible Capitalism i. Journalist sometimes naively assume that business people compete with one another not primarily to maximize profit but to create increased prosperity for all d. Small Town Pastoralism i. Favoring the small over the large and the rural over the urban: the innocence and the home town e. Individualism i. Most prominent ii. Covers one individual who stands out in big group of special peopl CHAPTER 8: NEWSPAPERS KEY CONCEPTS 1. How has the shift to digital platforms benefitted newspapers? a. How has it hurt him 2. Who are Pullitzer and Hearst? a. What do they have to do with the newspaper industry in the early 1900s 3. What were the innovations USA Today made and why were they so important in the early 1980s? 4. Why are local news important? a. Specific community news, smaller news compared to large news outlet, keep people in check, local watchdog KEY TERMS

Partisan press- newspapers that only focus on politics Penny press- when mechanical presses were created and newspaper were now created in thousands an hour, which lowered the cost of newspapers, which then gained the name of the penny press, which were competing with six cent paper Human interest stories- news accounts that focus on the daily trials and triumphs of the human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary triumphs. Yellow Journalism- a newspaper style or era that peaked in the 1890s, it emphasized high interest stories, sensational crime news, large headlines, and serious reports that exposed corruption, particularly in business and government Inverted pyramid style- a style of journalism in which news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy information- answering who what where when (less frequently why or how) questions at the top of the story- and then trail off with less significant details Interpretive Journalism- a type of journalism that involves analyzing and explaining key issues or events and placing them in a broader historical or social context Literary Journalism- news reports that adapt fictional storytelling techniques to nonfictional material; sometimes called new journalism LAST WEEK TONIGHT WITH JOHN OLIVER 1. What is the state of journalism today a. Does not receive the recognition it deserves, media is a food chain which would fall apart without local news and the problem is that print ads are less popular with advertisers than they used to be and online ads produce much less revenue. 2. What is a News Desert? a. Refers to a community that is no longer covered by daily newspaper. Has no news. Term emerged in US after hundreds of weekly and daily newspapers dropped and declined in 00s and 10s 3. Using both the John Oliver piece and the Rundlet article, explain why local journalism is so important to democracy and what is happening today that is of such great concern a. 171 countries around the world do not have a local newspaper and nearly half of all countries have only one newspaper, usually a weekly one i. Informed and engaged citizens are vital to a healthy democracy ii. Citizens need to know what's happening so they can make choices and voice their opinion iii. Local news sits at the heart of democratic engagement, providing people with info they need to shape their communities CHAPTER 9: MAGAZINES IN THE AGE OF SPECIALIZATION

KEY CONCEPTS 1. What impact did the Postal Act of 1879 have on the distribution of magazines? Assigned magazines lower postage rates and put them as same prices as newspapers a. Better defined and created four classes of domestic mail; first class for letters, second class for periodicals and newspapers, third class for bulk mail and fourth class for books and other material;s. Congress felt that a cheap second class rate would be beneficial by enabling greater dissemination of information for the public good 2. How do the early stages of magazines and newspapers differ? What was similar? a. News: news was partisan, for the upper class, literate, educated, wealthy, newspapers, much cheaper, less expensive one penny press was invented, and developed FAST b. Magazines, on the other hand: daily day to day american life, same type of readers as newspapers, more expensive than newspapers---> had more content, slowly slowly developed until the 20th century c. Both expensive during the emergence stage 3. Explain the rise and fall of general interest magazines a. Rise: competition with radio, key to this rise was photojournalism which gave them an edge over radio, covered a wider variety of topics and included occasional ‘investigation’ articles b. Fall: TV age born, changes customers tastes, postal costs rise and ad revenue falls 4. Four Major Magazines a. Saturday Evening Post b. Reader’s Digest c. Time d. Life 5. Why are magazine covers so important? a. What catches consumers eye, bold titles, stand out photos

CHAPTER 7: MOVIES AND THE IMPACT OF IMAGES KEY CONCEPTS 1. What is the importance of narrative in film? Give one example from class? a. Had to create stories that interested people, Because this is when film becomes a mass medium and this is how we understand film today. Two components are story and discourse. Story is where the plot happens. Discourse is the way the story is told which is essential to narrative and how we understand genre. This is where we get all these different types of

the same story. 2. What marked the reason that the film industry moved from NYC to metro area to California? Why was this so important? When did it happen? a. Edison had owned the entirety of the film industry on the east coast which made it impossible to succeed AND b. Weather, better year round c. Cheap labor d. Landscapes KEY TERMS Mary Pickford- America’s sweetheart; portrayal of young spunky heroines; became so popular that there were lines to see her, first woman ever to make a salary of 1 mil a year Edison’s Trusts- Motion picture patent company, every single step had to go through Trust to be produced, caused move westward Genre- category, conventions regarding similar characters, scenes, structures and themes recur in combination Studio System- an early film production that constituted a sort of assembly line process for movie making; major film studios not only actors, but directors, editors, writers and other employees, all of whom worked under exclusive contracts Block Booking- an early tactic of movie studios to control exhibition, involving pressuring theater operators to accept marginal films with no stars in order to get access to films with the most popular stars; smaller studios rented movies to bigger ones CHAPTER 5: POPULAR RADIO AND THE ORIGINS OF BROADCASTING KEY CONCEPTS 1. Describe the differences between CBS affiliate model and NBCs affiliate model a. CBS tried to beat out NBC 2`1 b. NBC affiliates signed contracts to be part of their network and these affiliates paid NBC to carry their programs, and NBC simply reserved time slots for their clients and sold them to national advertisers c. CBS tried to challenge and do the opposite, paid their customers to be on their radio “option time” d. Helped modernize America by de emphasizing local favor of national programs broadcast to nearly everyone 2. Who are David Sarnoff and William Paley? a. Sarnoff- first to envision wireless telegraphy as a modern mass medium, wireless operator, RCAs general manager, learned morse code, became president and ran RCA after he monopolized the record and the

phonograph all under RCA b. Paley- bought controlling interest in CBS to sponsor his father’s cigar brand, he hired Bernays, who together created option time KEY TERMS NBC Red- telephone cables transmitted through wireless; original telephone group NBC Blue- broadcasting using wireless technology; radio group CBS- Colombia Broadcasting System Option Time- radio paying affiliate instead of affiliate paying them Affiliate- a radio or a tv station that, though independently owned, signs a contract to be a part of a network and receives money to carry the networks programs, in exchange the network reserves time slots, which it sells to national adveritsider Radio Act of 1912- after TITANIC, this meant that the radio waves could not be owned, they were collective property of all Americans, too many random amateur radio stations clogging airwaves, needed a license, radio was a public service Radio Act of 1917- stated that licenses did not own their channels but could only license them as long as they operated to serve the public interest, convenience, or necessity Format Radio- radio stations developing and playing specific styles geared towards listeners identification- controls programming choices Regulating a New Medium in Radio Wireless Ship Act in 1910 required that all major US Seagoing ships carrying more than 50 passengers and traveling further than 50 miles had to be equipped with wireless radio - Played a huge role in the TITANIC sinking, and being able to pinpoint the ships location and ended up being reason for saving over 700 lives (although losing so many more) FOLLOWING TITANIC - radio act of 1912 gets passed - Needed license to be on radio couldn’t just cram the airwaves, radio couldnt be owned it was shared and it was to be used as a benefit to society WW1 we needed new radio control Wireless telegraphy played an increasingly large role in military operations Then RCA is formed and quickly expanded communication technology throughout the world

CHAPTER 4: SOUND RECORDING AND POPULAR MUSIC KEY CONCEPTS

1. Explain the issues that came with white artists covering black artists music in 50s and 60s? Why was this problematic? a. Black artists never got fame credit or wealth from their songs that white artists were simply taking as there's b. Ray Charles song did opposite and it was better than the white song c. Civil rights movement also played huge role in the switch 2. Payola Scandal a. Used to happen, record promoters would pay djs or stations to play their music or album over and over again (now illegal), not fair, based on complete wealth and seen to be as bribery so congress made it illegal 3. How did digital change the way musicians and artists made money? a. Making more money through streaming services because radio and physical recordings and sales were dropping,so much easier to download than to buying or purchasing LECTURES 1. Hierarchy of Communication a. Political speech b. Non political protected speech c. Semi protected political speech d. Unprotected speech 2. FAKE NEWS a. News satire i. The daily show ii. Humor iii. Not trying to be journalistic b. News parody i. Parodies ii. Purely joes iii. Makes stories up completely c. Fabrication i. Creating something where nothing existed before ii. Pope endorsing trump campaign d. Propaganda i. Pushing hard on one set of ideas ii. Not necessarily fictitious iii. Some sort of truth but so heavy in bias e. Manipulation i. Images ii. photoshop

iii. Manipulated to give a certain opinion f. Advertising i. Sponsor content ads ii. A brand buy a piece in news publication that is meant solely for their product iii. Buzzfeed...