COMM1020 Notes PDF

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Textbook notes and exam reviews from Professor Jordan Makin's online Public Speaking class during Summer 2019....

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1 COMM-1020: Public Speaking Notes

MODULE 2 Student Guidebook Chapter 1: Speaking to a Global Audience 4 Reasons to Adopt a Global Perspective Sensitivity and Respect Understanding a Diverse Audience Selecting Supporting Materials Speech Organization Appropriate Verbal Expression The Triangle of Meaning Denotative Versus Connotative Meaning Communication Style Effective Non-Verbal Expression Constructing Visual Aids Online Textbook Chapter 1: Speaking in Public The Power of Public Speaking The Tradition of Public Speaking Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conservation Differences Between Public Speaking and Conservation Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class Public Speaking and Critical Thinking The Speech Communication Process Practice Student Guidebook Chapter 2: APA Style Guide APA Guidelines for Formatting Papers APA General In-Text Citation Rules Print Sources Electronic Sources APA Reference Page Online Textbook Chapter 2: Ethics and Public Speaking The Importance of Ethics Guideline for Ethical Speaking Plagiarism Guidelines for Ethical LIstening

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MODULE 3 Online Textbook Chapter 3: Listening Listening Is Important Listening and Critical Thinking Four Causes of Poor Listening

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2 How to Become a Better Listener

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MODULE 4 Online Textbook Chapter 4: Giving Your First Speech Preparing Your Speech Delivering Your Speech

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MODULE 5 Online Textbook Chapter 5: Selecting a Topic and a Purpose Choosing A Topic Determine the General Purpose Determining the Specific Purpose Phrasing the Central Idea

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MODULE 6 Online Textbook Chapter 6: Analyzing the Audience Audience-Centeredness Your Classmates as an Audience The Psychology of Audiences Demographic Audience Analysis Situational Audience Analysis Getting Information About the Audience Adapting to the Audience

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MODULE 7 Online Textbook Chapter 7: Gathering Materials Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience Doing Library Research Searching the Internet Interviewing Tips for Doing Research Online Textbook Chapter 8: Supporting Your Ideas Examples Statistics Testimony Citing Sources Orally

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MODULE 8 Online Textbook Chapter 9: Organizing the Body of the Speech Organization is Important Main Points Supporting Materials Connectives Online Textbook Chapter 10: Beginning and Ending the Speech

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3 The Introduction The Conclusion

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MODULE 9 Online Textbook Chapter 15: Speaking to Inform Types of Informative Speeches: Analysis and Organization Guidelines for Informative Speaking

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MODULE 10 Online Textbook Chapter 11: Outlining the Speech The Preparation Outline The Speaking Outline Online Textbook Chapter 12: Using Language Meaning of Words Using Language Accurately Using Language Clearly Using Language Vividly Using Language Appropriately A Note on Inclusive Language

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MODULE 11 Online Textbook Chapter 13: Delivery What is Good Delivery? Methods of Delivery The Speaker’s Voice The Speaker’s Body Practicing Delivery Answering Audience Questions Presenting Your Speech Online Online Textbook Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids Kinds of Visual Aids Presentation Technology Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids

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MODULE 12 Online Textbook Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade The Importance of Persuasion Ethics and Persuasion The Psychology of Persuasion Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy

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4 Online Textbook Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion Building Credibility Using Evidence Reasoning Appealing to Emotions Online Textbook Chapter 18: Speaking on Special Occasions Speeches of Introduction Speeches of Presentation Speeches of Acceptance Commemorative Speeches

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MODULE 2 Student Guidebook Chapter 1: Speaking to a Global Audience 4 Reasons to Adopt a Global Perspective 1. The Economic Imperative 2. The Technological Imperative 3. The Demographic Imperative 4. The Peace Imperative Sensitivity and Respect ● The most important advice in speaking to a global audience is to cultivate a sense of sensitivity and respect—a keen awareness of a sensitivity to differences among people from diverse cultures and respect for others who are unlike the speaker. ●

Stereotype: A standardized conception or image of a group of people. Simple, acquired, often erroneous, and resistant to change. People usually acquire stereotypes through the process of socialization and through the mass media.

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Prejudice: Negative attitudes toward a cultural group, often based on little or no experience. May arise from multiple sources, such as tensions between groups, unfavorable past encounters, status differences, and perceived threats. The causes of prejudices could include societal sources, an innate need to maintain social identity, and scapegoating. Expressions of prejudice can range from subtle non-verbal acts to outright hostility.

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Ethnocentrism: The notion that one’s own culture is superior to any other. Perpetuates the idea that other cultures ought to be judged by the extent to which they measure up to one’s own cultural standards. While it is universal and contributes to cultural identity, if left unchecked, it can stand in the way of achieving intercultural communication competence.

Understanding a Diverse Audience ● Cultural Patterns: Common themes through which different cultures can be understood. Consist of beliefs, values, and norms shared among members of a group and which remain stable over time. High- and Low-Context Cultures ●

Low-Context Cultures: Prefer to use low-context messages, where the message is encoded in the words used, or in the verbal expression.

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High-Context Cultures: Use high-context messages, where the meaning is implied by the physical setting or is presumed to be part of the culture’s shared beliefs, values, and norms.

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Power Distance: The degree to which the culture believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and the decisions of the power holders should be

6 challenged or accepted. Cultures with low-power distances tend to minimize social inequalities and challenge authority figures. Cultures with high-power distances tend to ascribe a rightful place for each person in the order and to not question or challenge authority. ○

Low-power distance audiences will ask questions and challenge assertions of the speaker, and high-power distance audiences are discouraged from asking questions.

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Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure. ○

High uncertainty avoidance cultures: follow strict rules and protocols governing speeches.

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Low uncertainty avoidance cultures: prepare speeches that are more creative or improvised.

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Individualism-Collectivism: The degree to which a culture relies on and has allegiance to the self or the group. ○

Individualistic culture audiences: responsive to ideas that emphasize personal achievement and highlight individual achievement.

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Collectivistic culture audiences: prefer recognition of group or team achievement to recognition of individual accomplishment.

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Masculinity-Femininity: The degree to which a culture values ‘masculine’ behaviors, such as assertiveness and the acquisition of wealth, or ‘feminine’ behaviors, such as caring for others and the quality of life.

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Masculine cultures: emphasize performance and achievement.

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Feminine cultures: emphasize ideas such as cooperation and solidarity

Time-Orientation: ○

Monochronic: Linear time is tangible and can be “saved, spent, lost, wasted,” etc.

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Polychronic: See cyclical time as less tangible and is seldom considered “wasted.”

Selecting Supporting Materials ● Stories ○

Choose stories and anecdotes to support your main arguments when addressing audiences predominantly from cultures that value supporting materials.

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Facts and Statistics ○

European American cultures often value facts and statistics as the most credible form of supporting materials.

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Testimonies ○

In African cultures, the testimony of a witness has low credibility, but in the United

7 States, testimonies of witnesses are vital pieces of evidence. Speech Organization ● Linear Pattern ○

Speakers from low-context cultures often use linear patterns, such as cause-and-effect, problem-solution, chronological, and spatial. In these patterns, the speaker develops the main idea step by step, relying on facts and data to support the main argument. The speaker relies more on facts and data rather than on stories and emotional appeals.

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Speakers from high-context cultures use holistic and configural organizational patterns that are more indirect than linear patterns.

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Holistic Pattern ○

Instead of directly and explicitly presenting key ideas, the speaker uses examples and stories to convey the main idea and leaves it to the audience to interpret the message encoded in the examples and stories told.

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3 Distinct Types of Holistic Organizational Patterns: 1. Wave Pattern: Speakers adopt a crest-trough wave pattern in which they use examples and stories to slowly build up to the main point at the crest of the wave. The speaker then winds down and repeats the pattern, reiterating main points or introducing new points at the peaks. 2. Spiral Pattern: Builds up dramatic intensity by moving from smaller and lessintense scenarios to bigger and more-intense scenarios, in an upward spiral. 3. Star Pattern: A variation of the linear topical pattern. Presents a set of main points connected by an underlying common theme. For different audiences, speakers will start with different main points, but all main points will be united by one theme.

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All patterns require careful and skillful planning and organization.

Appropriate Verbal Expression ● Words can hold different meanings for different people, because meaning inheres in people’s minds and not in the word itself. The Triangle of Meaning Thought / \ /

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Symbol --- Referent ●

The actual object is the reference, the word is the symbol, and the image that comes to mind is the thought.

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The symbol and its reference are not directly connected.

Denotative Versus Connotative Meaning ● Denotative: The socially agreed-upon meaning that can be found in a dictionary. ●

Connotative: The meaning attached to a word over time based on personal experiences and associations.

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Public speakers must avoid language that demeans a group of individuals.

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Words to Avoid in Speeches: Cultural Patterns

Examples

Sexist Words

Mankind, Chairman, Manpower, Firemen

Racist Words

Jap, Paki, POlack

Ageist Words

Crone, geezer, old goat

Stereotypes

Women talk too much, Blondes are dumb, Asians are good at science

Patronizing Language

For a woman, she is an effective manager. He is a caring nurse, for a male. She is just a stay-at-home mother.

Ethnic Slurs

Dirty Jew, Russian pig, Stupid American

Ethnic Epithets

Chinky, Golliwog, Redskin

Communication Style ● Direct Versus Indirect ○

Direct: Speakers place emphasis on the words spoken. Words are chosen for clarity and precision. Most often used by low-context culture speakers.

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Indirect Style: Emphasis is placed on the context of the speech rather than the words spoken.

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Elaborate Versus Succinct ○

These styles range on a continuum.

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Elaborate style: Use fairly rich language filled with proverbs, idioms, quotations, and metaphors.

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Succinct Style: A lot of silences, pauses, indirectness, circumlocution, and understatement to convey the main ideas.

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An exacting style in the middle of the continuum, and speakers from Northern Europe and the United States tend to prefer an exacting style of communication.

9 Effective Non-Verbal Expression ● As much as 90% of all human communication is non-verbal. ●

Kinesics: Body movement. Includes gestures, hand, arm, and leg movements, facial expressions, eye contact, stance, and posture. 4 broad categories: 1. Emblems: Refer to hand gestures that translate directly into words. 2. Illustrators: Hand and arm movements that accent or complement the words being used, such as pounding a fist on the lectern to emphasize a verbal message. 3. Affect Displays: Human beings tend to adopt universal facial expressions to convey basic emotions. However, when, where, and to whom these emotions are displayed depends on the cultural context. 4. Regulators: Actions and behaviors that manage the flow of conservation. These include eye contact, head movements, and communicator distance.

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Paralanguage: The vocal cues, such as volume, rate, and pitch that accompany spoken language.

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Physical Appearance: The two main categories of physical appearance that could affect audience perceptions are beauty and clothing, both of which can feed ethnocentrism.

Constructing Visual Aids ● Well-chosen visual aids are especially useful to help address language differences. ●

Low-context cultures prefer more text heavy websites that state ideas explicitly and directly and follow a more consistent color scheme and structure, whereas high context cultures prefer visually heavy websites that state ideas intuitively and indirectly and follow a more diverse color scheme and structure.

Online Textbook Chapter 1: Speaking in Public The Power of Public Speaking ● Public speaking is a way of making one’s ideas public. ●

In a recent survey of more than 300 employers, 93 percent stated that the ability to think critically and communicate clearly is more important for career success than is a job candidate’s undergraduate major.

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The growth of the Internet and other new technologies has not reduced the need for public speaking.

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Public speaking is a vital means of civic engagement.

The Tradition of Public Speaking ● Almost all cultures have an equivalent of the English word “orator” to designate someone with special skills in public speaking. ●

The oldest known handbook on effective speech was written on papyrus in Egypt some 4,500 years ago.

10 Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conservation ● The average adult spends about 30% of their waking hours in conservation. Differences Between Public Speaking and Conservation 1. Public Speaking is More Highly Structured: It imposes strict time limitations on the speaker. It most cases, the situation does not allow listeners to interrupt with questions or commentary. Demands more detailed planning and preparation. 2. Public Speaking Requires More Formal Language: Slang, jargon, and bad grammar have little place in public speeches. 3. Public Speaking Requires a Different Method of Delivery: When conversing informally, most people talk quietly, interject stock phrases such as “like” and “you know,” adopt a casual posture, and use vocalized pauses (“uh,” “er,” “um”). Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class Nervousness is Normal ●

Most experienced speakers have stage fright right before taking the floor, but their nervousness is a healthy sign that they are getting “psyched up” for a good effort.

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It is perfectly normal—even desirable—to be nervous at the start of a speech. Your body is responding by producing extra adrenaline.

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The sudden shot of adrenaline is what makes your heart race, your hands shake, your knees knock, and your skin perspire.

Dealing with Nervousness ●

Aim at transforming stage fright from a negative force into positive nervousness—a zesty,, enthusiastic, lively feeling with a slight edge to it.

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Don’t think of yourself of having stage fright. Instead, think of it as “stage excitement.”

Public Speaking and Critical Thinking ● Critical Thinking: A matter of logic—being able to spot weaknesses in other people’s arguments and to avoid them in your own. Involves related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion, judging the credibility of statements, and assessing the sound of evidence. The Speech Communication Process ● Speaker: Speech communication begins with a speaker. ●

Message: Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.

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Channel: The means by which a message is communicated.

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Listener: The person who receives the communicated message. Without a listener, there is no communication.

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Feedback: Listeners send back messages of their own, called feedback.

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Interference: Anything that impedes the communication of a message.

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Situation: The time and place in which speech communication occurs.

11 Practice 1. In the process of communication, the situation includes which of the following? a. The public speaking venue b. The time the communication happens c. The message that is communicated d. The physical setting of a speech 2. Which of the following are conversational skills that will help students in a public speaking class? a. Sensing when someone does not understand what you are saying b. Communicating to different age groups c. Telling a great story d. Speaking without concern for time limitations 3. Which of the following is not true of public speaking? a. It is influential communication b. It is irrelevant because of the internet c. It is used by world leaders d. It is a form of communication that businesses often ask employees to conduct 4. Identify the ways in which public speaking differs from everyday conversation. a. Public speaking uses more formal language than everyday conversation. b. Public speaking requires more detailed planning and timing c. Public speaking uses slang and jargon frequently d. Public speaking usually requires speakers to engage in distracting mannerisms and verbal habits e. Public speaking is more highly structured 5. Which of the following is the best definition of ethnocentrism? a. Believing that one culture is better than another b. Trying to persuade people to chain their behavior c. When a speaker always want to talk about himself or herself rather than listening to others d. Agreeing with the traditions or practices of all groups and cultures 6. Which of the following is what is communicated by the speaker? The message 7. This speaker is giving a commencement address at the University of Richmond in Virginia. Does the speaker: a. Show respect and unde...