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Running Head: CONCEPT ANALYSIS ON EMPATHY

Concept Analysis on Empathy Cheryl Emanuel Chamberlain University

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CONCEPT ANALYSIS ON EMPATHY

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Concept Analysis on Empathy Concepts are ideas or thoughts that help us to separate how our experiences are near or proportionate by masterminding all of the things that are comparative about them. Idea examination is a technique that dissects the characteristics or qualities of a thought. It enables correspondence. Its essential reason for existing is to recognize the characterizing and irrelevant properties of an idea. Concept analysis is an amazing method to start looking at data in anticipation of research or theory development and results in an operational definition (Walker & Avant, 2011). Imogene King is the nursing theorist that identifies nurse-patient relationship, which correlates with the concept of empathy. In this concept analysis, the concept of empathy will be defined, literature will be reviewed to identify themes, ideas, and/or facts about the concept of empathy. In addition, three attributes will be defined, antecedents and consequences, along with two empirical referents, construct cases which includes a model case, borderline case, and contrary case. In addition, the concept analysis includes theoretical application of the concept and conclusion. Definition/Explanation of concept of Empathy Empathy is the center of nursing as a part of caring. Empathy is being compassionate and an important idea to show the procedure of idea examination. While valuable, this definition alone does not give the entire utilization of the term inside nursing, where words, for example, sympathy, compassion and minding are regularly utilized conversely with empathy(Bramley & Matiti, 2014). Studies have shown that an empathetic nurse that assists patients attain positive results (Mercer & Reynolds, 2002).

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CONCEPT ANALYSIS ON EMPATHY Compassion is a standout amongst the most significant abilities fundamental for human connectedness, is basic for the nurses’ persistent relationship, and improves understanding results (Bramley & Matiti, 2014). Literature Review Enthusiasm for the job of empathy inside the nurse-patient relationship has been developing over recent decades and is frequently viewed as an urgent segment of value care. Inside the nurse-patient relationship empathy is conceptualized as having remedial esteem and in that capacity is elevated to attendants as being alluring. The absolute most recent activities went for improving the patient's experience incorporate instructing nurses to be increasingly empathic (Reynold, 2017). The conduct segment of empathy is the expertise and capacity to impart and comprehend from the perspective of someone else. It depends on a collection of projects of correspondence (verbal and nonverbal). Individuals who are denied of the empathy capacity are forceful, with solid identity, forcing their will and vision of the world. They can't stand the restriction and don't enable their cognizance to acknowledge the reality or probability of committing an error (Bramley & Matiti, 2014). Research has demonstrated that when we are empathetic, our pulse slows down, we discharge the hormone oxytocin, and districts of the mind connected to empathy, providing care, and sentiments of joy light up, which regularly results in our needing to approach and think about other individuals (Greater Science Center at UC Berkely, 2019). Nursing literature demonstrates that a few writers tended to the concept of

empathy in their models or theories. For instance, one of the ideas in the Travelbee model

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is the period of compassion. In her human-to-human relationship model of nursing, she expressed that nurses had the option to be compassionate with patients who indicated comparable conduct and moral highlights with them. Peterson and Zedrad depicted nurture-understanding correspondence as a psychological exchange. This, together with compassion, feeling trade and exchange are the establishments of nursing (Rohani, Sedaghati, & Mohtashami, 2018). Studies were done on nurses for concepts of empathy with different variables such as age and gender. Results showed empathetic tendencies decreased with age. Reports showed that females have a predominant empathetic disposition (Baillie, 2017). Study was done to explore propelled malignancy patients' understandings, encounters, and inclinations of empathy so as to create applied lucidity for future research and to advise clinical practice. Results showed Empathy was experienced as a full of feeling reaction that recognizes and endeavors to comprehend person's enduring enthusiastic reverberation (Sinclair, Beamer, Hack, McClement, Bouchal, Chochinov, & Hagen, 2017). Defining Attributes There are three attributes defined by the concepts of empathy, which are knowledge, non-judgmental attitude, and the nurse-patient relationship. Nurses must be knowledgeable about being empathetic, and understand how it is a much needed element in nursing in order for the patient to feel comfortable as it helps develop trust between nurse and patient (Mercer & Reynolds, 2002). Nurse should have a non-judgmental attitude as this implies not making remarks that deduce their feelings or reaction was invalid or off base. For example, "that is moronic. For what reason did you get so agitated

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(Hsiao, Lu, & Tsai, 2015). As Imogene King’s theory suggests that a nurse should develop a relationship with the patient called the nurse-patient relationship. This type of thought builds an understanding of the physical as well as the mental status of the patient will help nurses treat the patient comprehensively. Being empathetic is putting oneself into other’s shoes (Mercer & Reynolds, 2002). Antecedents and Consequences Antecedents are the occasions or episodes that must happen preceding the event of the idea (Walker & Avant, 2011). Separately, nurses have an obligation of consideration to indicate empathy; a nonappearance can prompt patients feeling debased and ailing in enthusiastic help. Being empathetic can prompt positive results for the patient as well as for the healthcare provider also (Duarte, Pinto-Gouveia, & Cruz, 2016). Before empathy happens there must be a cooperation including correspondence of an inclination, and tuning in on the two sides, one to the emotions and considerations of the empathy and the other to empathy being passed on (Duarte, et al., 2016). Consequences are those occasions or episodes that happen because of the event of the idea (Walker & Avant, 2011). Along these lines, the outcomes of being empathetic is that given the consistent presentation to exceptionally troubling circumstances, for example, disease, enduring and passing, nurses are especially defenseless against the improvement of expert pressure and sympathy weakness, particularly on the off chance that they are not ready to successfully control their ability to identify their empathic emotions (Duarte, et al., 2016). Empirical Referents

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Empirical referents are classifications of genuine marvels that by their reality or nearness exhibit the event of the idea itself (Walker & Avant, 2011). Several studies have been performed on nurses who are empathetic and evaluate the results as how effective is being empathetic and how nurses feel as a measure of the concept of empathy. The writing has been pointing that empathy is imperative for created by nurses. Notwithstanding, it has additionally been recommended that sympathy may likewise be a powerlessness factor for the advancement of empathy exhaustion. In this way, we estimate that empathic sentiments will be adversely connected with burnout however decidedly connected with sympathy, weakness, and empathy fulfillment. As to other empathy segments, we theorize that viewpoint taking will be decidedly connected with empathy fulfillment and adversely connected with burnout and empathy exhaustion, and individual misery will be contrarily connected with empathy fulfillment and emphatically connected with burnout and empathy weakness. In light of past research on the connection between self-empathy and emotional well-being, it is conjectured that self-caring people (i.e., large amounts of self-benevolence, care and basic humankind, and low dimensions of self-judgment, over-distinguishing proof and detachment) experience less burnout and sympathy weakness indications and more sympathy fulfillment. At long last, we needed to investigate the finding that empathic feelings are related with sympathy weariness, and the job of self-empathy in this relationship. We estimate that self-sympathy may intervene and additionally moderate the connection among compassion and empathy weakness. We utilized a cross-sectional structure to test these speculations (Duarte, et al., 2016). Construct Cases

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A model case is a reality case of the utilization of the idea that incorporates all the basic properties of the idea (Walker & Avant, 2011). The following is a model case for the concept of empathy. Mrs. Smith of the age of 23, married and is at childbearing age. She has newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer and is very upset and angry about her diagnosis, and is devastated to think she may never have children. While talking to her oncology nurse, the nurse stated how he could understand how she feels upset and angry. This is an example of a model case because all three attributes were used; The doctor used his knowledge to be empathetic and understanding, He was non-judgmental, and build and nurse-patient relationship so that the patient could be open to expressing how she felt. Borderline cases contain some of the attributes of the concept being examined but not all of them (Walker & Avant, 2011). The following is an example of a borderline case for the concept of empathy. A young lady named Sally has returned to work after losing her husband. During her lunch break, Sally started crying. Her colleague Mary walked in, listened to how Sally felt, but did not respond. Sally stated that she misses her husband and wishes he was still around. This is borderline case because nurse Mary did listen to Sally’s grieving, and Sally thinks that Mary might understand her situation, but is not sure, as Mary did not say anything, which leaves her inclination questionable about their connection and she's searching for security. A Contrary Case demonstrates the opposite of the concept of empathy. For example, Mr. Smith says to Nurse Jill that he doesn’t think he can go on with his life. Nurse Jill says, “Oh, don’t be ridiculous, you have much to live for” This example does not show any of the attributes and demonstrates that Nurse Jill is being judgmental, not listening and not establishing a nurse-patient relationship

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Theoretical Application of the Concept Concepts in nursing are the establishment of nursing. Concepts are ideas or thoughts that help us to separate how our experiences are near or proportionate by masterminding all of the things that are comparative about them. Idea examination is a technique that dissects the characteristics or qualities of a thought. It enables correspondence. Its essential reason for existing is to recognize the characterizing and irrelevant properties of an idea. Concept analysis is an amazing method to start looking at data in anticipation of research or theory development and results in an operational definition (Walker & Avant, 2011). Empathy is the concept that was analyzed in this analysis. Empathy is the center of nursing as a part of caring. Empathy is being compassionate and an important idea to show the procedure of idea examination. Studies have shown that an empathetic nurse that assists patients attain positive results (Mercer & Reynolds, 2002). Imogene King put together her theory with respect to four principle components that describe empathy which are, wellbeing is accomplished through suitable nurse-patient relationship; nurse and patient need to have a shared comprehension about one another; the objectives and elements of nurse and patient should be in accordance with one another; and nurture needs to utilize all his/her insight to build up relationship and set objectives. These four components encourage objective attainment (Adib-Hajbaghery & Tahmouresi, 2018). Conclusion We as nurses care about every aspect of the patient, so this includes being empathetic to their thoughts and feelings, which in turn helps to brings a positive

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outcome. It is important to find a balance of what nurses do as what we call, giving. Therefore find a balance of giving, so as to not give too much that the nurse becomes compassionately fatigues as well as the possibility of the being empathetic with patients can misleading to patients because patients are vulnerable, meaning that patient may be too open and personal (Brackenbury, 2016). It is important that Family Nurse Practitioners should take away from this analysis the nature of being empathetic. In the absence of empathy, it brings a negative outcome and does not build trust between the nurse and patient. It is important to establish a trusting relationship through the use of empathy so to retrieve a better assessment and plan of care. The practitioner needs to remember not to be judgmental and to listen to the patient’s thoughts and feelings (Duarte, et al., 2016).

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Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Tahmouresi, M. (2018). Theory of Goal Attainment. Imogene King: A Conceptual Framework for Nursing, 7(141), 4th ser., 27-32. doi:10.4135/9781483325859.n2.

Baillie, L. (2017). Review: Burnout and its relationship to empathy in nursing: A review of the literature. Journal of Research in Nursing, 22(1-2), 23-24. doi:10.1177/1744987116679062.

Bramley, L., & Matiti, M. (2014). How does it really feel to be in my shoes? Patients experiences of compassion within nursing care and their perceptions of developing compassionate nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(19-20), 27902799. doi:10.1111/jocn.12537.

Brackenbury, J. (2016). Exploring the concept of empathy in aesthetic nursing. Journal of Aesthetic Nursing, 5(7), 349-353. doi:10.12968/joan.2016.5.7.349.

Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Cruz, B. (2016). Relationships between nurses’ empathy, self-compassion and dimensions of professional quality of life: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 60, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.02.015.

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Greater Science Center at University of California Berkely. (2019). Compassion Definition | What Is Compassion. Retrieved May 26, 2019, from https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/topic/compassion/definition.

Hsiao, C.-Y., Lu, H.-L., & Tsai, Y.-F. (2015). Factors influencing mental health nurses' attitudes towards people with mental illness. Internation Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 24(3), 272-280. doi:10.1111/inm.12129

Mercer, S. W., & Reynolds, W. J. (2002, October). Empathy and quality of care. Retrieved May 20, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1316134/.

Reynolds, W. J. (2017). Empathy is crucial to helping. The Measurement and Development of Empathy in Nursing, 1-13. doi:10.4324/9781315192499-1.

Rohani, C., Sedaghati, M., & Mohtashami, J. (2018). Clinical empathy with cancer patients: A content analysis of oncology nurses’ perception. Patient Preference and Adherence, Volume 12, 1089-1098. doi:10.2147/ppa.s156441.

Sinclair, S., Beamer, K., Hack, T. F., McClement, S., Raffin Bouchal, S., Chochinov, H. M., & Hagen, N. A. (2017). Sympathy, empathy, and compassion: A grounded theory study of palliative care patients' understandings, experiences, and preferences. Palliative medicine, 31(5), 437–447. doi:10.1177/0269216316663499.

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Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (2011). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

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