Connect CH 18 Blood - Lecture notes CH 18 PDF

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Notes from CONNECTS CH 18...

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Plasma Proteins Albumin: solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity Globulins: immunity Fibrinogen: clotting Only old RBSc are destroyed in the spleen: old cells rupture in the narrow channels of the spleen because they are no longer flexible or resilient Steps of hemostasis: 1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation Hemoglobin: protein in the cytoplasm of RBCs that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH Characteristic of Monocytes: - The nucleus is large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, 5 Types of Leukocytes: - Eosinophils - Basophils - Neutrophils - Monocytes - Lymphocytes Blood Cell Disorders: Leukopenia: total WBC count below 5,000 Leukocytosis: total WBC count above 10,000 Leukemia: cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high number of leukocytes Polycythemia: abnormally high red blood cell count Agglutination: the production of large antigen-antibody complexes Cardiovascular system: blood vessels and heart Leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant (in healthy individuals): 1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils N L M E

B Anemia: inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhage, and increased RBC destruction are all common causes of the erythrocyte disorder Components of blood: Plasma (fluid portion of the blood) 47-63% Hematocrit (contains erythrocytes) 37-52% Buffy coat (contains WBC and platelets) 1% or less A person has A+ blood. What antigens are expressed on the surface of the RBCs? - Antigen A - Antigen D (this is considered Rh+ Osmolarity: the property of blood defined as the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall Hemopoiesis: the production of all formed elements Erythropoiesis: the production of red blood cells Hematoma: masses of clotted blood when they are in the tissues Precursor cell with the cell: Monoblast - monocyte Myeloblast - granulocytes Lymphoblast - lymphocytes Erythroblast - erythrocytes Causes of anemia: - Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis - Increased hemolysis - Hemorrhage Why can a transfusion reaction be fatal? Free hemoglobin can block the kidney tubules and can cause death from acute renal failure Complete blood count (CBC) provides diagnostic information about the numbers of: - Leukocytes - Erythrocytes - Platelets The stages of erythropoiesis: 1. Hemopoietic stem cells 2. Colony-forming units 3. Erythroblasts 4. Reticulocytes

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Erythrocytes

Main steps of WBC development in order: 1. Hemopoietic stem cells (HSE) 2. Colony forming units (CFU) 3. Precursor cells (i.e. myeloblasts, monoblasts, lymphoblasts) 4. Mature cells Fibrin: sticky protein that forms the meshlike framework of a blood clot Vascular spasm: a short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss Functions of macrophages: - Present antigens - Phagocyize dead cells - Destroy foreign antigens Lymphocytes: round dark violet staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm **antibodies belong to the plasma protein class of gamma globulins Eosinophils: transform into macrophages which destroy dead or dying hose or foreign cells, chemicals, microorganisms, and foreign matter Eosinophil: leukocyte that has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules Neutrophils: phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals One molecule of hemoglobin contains: 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups Iron is a crucial component of: myoglobin, cytochromes (proteins that contain heme as a protein), hemoglobin The purpose of a differential WBC count: to determine the number and ratio of each type of leukocytes in a sample Which would directly reduce blood viscosity: decreased hematocrit, protein deficiency Granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils Values for human blood: - pH: 7.35 - 7.45 - Osmolarity: 280 - 296 mOsm/L - Volume in females: 4-5L and volume in males: 5-6L - Total WBC count: 5,000 - 10,000/microliters? How does the body use iron: - Nearly all cells use Fe 2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria

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The muscles use Fe 2+ to make myoglobin (red protein containing heme, which carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells*similar to a subunit of hemoglobin) The bone marrow uses Fe 2+ for hemoglobin synthesis

Match each alpha globulin to its role: Haptoglobulin: transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes Ceruloplasmin: transport copper Prothrombin: promotes blood clotting **monocytes that migrate into the tissues become phagocytes called macrophages Following causes hemolytic anemia: - Snake and spider venom - Penicillin allergy - Blood type incompatibilities - Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria Bone marrow transplants are a treatment option for several conditions such as leukemia. Which of the following statements are true? - It is difficult to find compatible donors - Up to ⅓ of patients die from complication - A graft-versus-host response may occur - **recall that to inhibit graft rejection the patient must take immunosuppressant drugs for life, which makes him vulnerable to infections and other side effects Conditions that are associated with clotting disorders: - Leukemia - Malnutrition - Hemophilia - Gallstones

Type of hemoglobin with its descriptions: Hemoglobin HbA: the most common type in the adult; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 beta globin chains Hemoglobin HbA2: about 2.5% of adult hemoglobin; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 delta globin chains Hemoglobin HbF: fetal hemoglobin; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 gamma globin chains; it binds oxygen tightly Megakaryocyte: a giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets Thrombocytopenia: a condition in which the platelet count is less than 100,000 Blood disorder with their description: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): clotting and hemorrhaging, limited to one organ or occurring throughout the body Infectious mononucleosis: Epstein-Barr virus affects B-lymphocytes. It is transmitted by kissing. Causes fever,

fatigue, sore throat Septicemia: bacteria in the bloodstream accompanying infection elsewhere in the body Thalassemia: hereditary anemia common in people of Mediterranean descent; alpha or beta hemoglobin is abnormal Chemicals/frugs with their mechanism of action in preventing formation of blood clots: Coumadin/Warfarin: antagonizes vitamin K EDTA: binds calcium ions and prevent them from participating in the coagulation reactions Aspirin: suppresses the formation of the eicosanoid thromboxane A2 Jaundice: high levels of bilirubin in the blood Albumin: the most abundant plasma protein Embolus: blood clot that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream Polycythemia: an excess of red blood cells Agglutinogens: antigens on RBSc that determine blood type Thrombosis: the abnormal clotting of blood inside an unbroken blood vessel Thrombopoiesis: process of platelet formation...