Consumer Chemistry 9 module 3 Hydrocarbons PDF

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Consumer ChemistryQuarter 1- Module 3HYDROCARBONS9Region I ALAMINOS CITY DIVISION Alaminos City, Pangasinan Project Write, Write, Write Alternative Instructional ModuleCONSUMER CHEMISTRY 9 Alternative Instructional Module Quarter 1 – Module 3: HYDROCARONS First Edition, 2020Republic Act 8293, sectio...

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9 Consumer Chemistry Quarter 1- Module 3

HYDROCARBONS

Region I ALAMINOS CITY DIVISION Alaminos City, Pangasinan Project Write, Write, Write Alternative Instructional Module

CONSUMER CHEMISTRY 9 Alternative Instructional Module Quarter 1 – Module 3: HYDROCARONS First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Alaminos City Division Schools Division Superintendent: Lorna G. Bugayong, PhD, CESO VI Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Aguedo C. Fernandez, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module Writer: Vivian R. Camba Editors: Cecilia M. Nisperos, Jose Ramil A. Sibun Reviewers: Cecilia M. Nisperos, Jose Ramil A. Sibun Illustrators: Aldrin R. Gomez, Richard T. Isidro Layout Artist: James Ronald V. Santiago Management Team:

Lorna G. Bugayong, PhD, CESO VI Schools Division Superintendent Aguedo C. Fernandez, CESO VI Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Wilfredo E. Sindayen Division CID Chief Cecilia M. Nisperos., EPS, Science Ronald B. Radoc, EdD, EPS, LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education:

Region I – Alaminos City Division

Office Address:

San Jose Drive, Poblacion, Alaminos City, Pangasinan

Telefax:

(075) 205-0644/205-0643

E-mail Address:

[email protected]

9 Consumer Chemistry Quarter 1 – Module 3

HYDROCARBONS

Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Consumer Chemistry 9 Alternative Instructional Module, Quarter 1, Module 3: HYDROCARBONS! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner: Welcome to the Consumer Chemistry -Science 9 Alternative Instructional Module, Quarter 1, Module 3: HYDROCARBONS! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know

What I Know

What’s In

What’s New

What is It

What’s More

What I Have Learned

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do

This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities

In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned.

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This also tends retention of learned concepts. This contains answers to all activities in the module. Answer Key

At the end of this module you will also find: References

This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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What I Need to Know The vast majority of organic compounds are typically chains or rings of carbon atoms with another carbon or other elements. The number of different design possibilities for organic molecules is endless. In order to enable classification of such a large number of molecules, organic chemists have employed the principle of classifying all organic compounds into families according to their functional groups. Functional group is a group of atoms that is largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the parent molecule. Molecules with the same functional groups behave the same in most chemical reactions. All organic compounds are derived from a group of compounds known as HYRDOCARBONS because they are made up of only hydrogen and carbon. This module is designed to help you understand the different types of hydrocarbons and their characteristics. It will guide you on how to identify the different structural formulas of aliphatic hydrocarbons which differ from aromatic hydrocarbons..

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY Describe the different classification and structural formulas of aliphatic hydrocarbons

After using this module, you are expected to attain the following objectives  Enumerate the different types of hydrocarbons  Differentiate the structural formulas  Define isomers and give examples  Draw the isomers of some aliphatic hydrocarbons

Are you now ready to learn about hydrocarbons? If yes, then answer the pre-test below. Good luck!

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What I Know

Direction: Read the following questions carefully and write only the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon triple bond is called _____ A. Alkane B. Alkene C. Alkyne D. Aromatic 2. Compounds composed of the same number and type of atoms but are arranged in different ways are called _____ A. resonance B. isotopes C. polymers D. isomers 3. Which two elements do all hydrocarbons contain? A. Carbon and hydrogen B. Oxygen and hydrogen C. Carbon and oxygen D. Carbon and nitrogen 4. What can you tell about methane (CH4) from its molecular formula? A. It contains four carbon atoms. B. It contains four hydrogen atoms. C. It contains one hydrogen atom. D. It forms groups of four molecules. 5. Why do alkenes and alkynes classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons? A. Because they have less hydrogen atoms per carbon atom than alkanes B. Because they have C=C and C≡C bonds while alkanes have C-C bonds. C. Because they are relatively less reactive compare with alkanes D. Because they have lesser number of carbon than alkanes.

6. How do you classify this hydrocarbon, A. Aliphatic B. Aromatic C. Saturated

?

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D. Unsaturated 7. Which of the following is an example of saturated hydrocarbon? A. CH3 CH2HC= CH CH3 B. CH3 CH CH2 CH2CH3 I CH3 C. CH3 C ≡ C CH2CH3 D. CH3 CH CH2 CH = CH2 I CH3

8. What is the general formula benzene? A. C6H14 B. C6H12

C. C6H10 D. C6H6

9. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about aromatic hydrocarbons? A. It has a sigma and two pi bonds B. Benzene is the simplest hydrocarbon C. The aromatic hydrocarbon has a pleasant aroma (smell) D. Aromatic hydrocarbon can be either mono or polycyclic 10. What is the difference between saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon? A. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds while saturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds B. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have only single bonds while saturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds C. Unsaturated hydrocarbons unreactive while saturated are quite reactive D. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or single bonds while saturated hydrocarbons have only triple bonds 11. Which of the following pairs of molecules represent isomers? A. CH3CH2CH2CH3 and

B. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 and

C. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 and

D. CH3CH2CH2CH3 and

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12. Which of the following is the condensed structural formula of the molecule below?

A. B. C. D.

CH3 – CH3 – CH3 – CH3 –

CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH2 – CH2 = CH2 – CH3

13. What is the condensed structural formula for the compound represented by skeletal formula?

A. B. C. D.

CH3 – CH3 – CH3 – CH3 –

CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 –

CH2 – CH3 CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

14. Which one of the following characteristics is NOT CORRECT for all the members of the same homologous series? A. Same general formula B. Varying physical properties C. Similar chemical properties D. Different functional group 15. Which of the following is an example of unsaturated hydrocarbon? A. C3H8 B. C5H8 C. C6H12 D. C7H16

Try to remember the questions which you were not able to answer as you read the module and perform the activities and exercises. Find the answers to these questions in the lessons that follow. Have a great day of learning!

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HYDROCARBONS Are you familiar with saturated and unsaturated fats? Why many people say that foods rich in saturated fats are not healthy? What makes saturated fats differ from unsaturated ones? Well, as you go on to this module you will meet these two important words. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons can be divided into different types, depending on their bonding. In this module, you will learn how classify hydrocarbons as aliphatic or aromatic. It helps you distinguish the different types of aliphatic hydrocarbons based on some properties.

What’s In In the previous module, you have learned the different properties of carbon and organic compounds. Well, let’s recall these properties by answering the exercise below. Activity 1. Complete Me ! Direction: Identify the terms described by the following statements. Fill - in the missing letters to complete the answer. O_ G__I_

1. These are compounds that contain the element carbon.

_Y___P___C

2. Inorganic compounds are insoluble in water. They are said to be __

T___L_

3. Bond formed by sharing three pairs of electrons

_ Y _ _ _ D _ _ _ T _ _ _ 4. The mixing of atomic orbitals in an atom to generate hybrid orbitals P_ BO_D 5. The bonding between p orbitals in parallel arrangement.

Did you get the correct answers? Very good! Let’s proceed to the new lesson. Good luck!

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What’s New On the basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes – aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes). The activities below introduce you the different classification of hydrocarbons and their characteristics. ACTIVITY 2: The Compounds of Hydrogen and Carbon Objective: At the end of the activity, you should be able to classify hydrocarbons and describe their properties. Material: paper and pen Procedure: Direction: Below are structures of hydrocarbons. Classify them as: 1. ALIPHATIC (Saturated – Alkane / Unsaturated – alkene, alkyne) 2. AROMATIC 1. 2.

.

3

4.

5.

6.

7.

9

8.

9.

. 10.

What is It Hydrocarbons are compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. They are generally insoluble in water although those with lighter molecular masses are gases and are slightly soluble. Examples of hydrocarbons include methane - the gas we burn as natural gas, propane (also called liquid petroleum gas) and petroleum jelly. There are two main classes of hydrocarbons namely: 1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons do not contain the benzene group or benzene ring. 2. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings and conjugated double bonds.

Aliphatic compounds are classified to different types according to the following: 1. According to state of saturation: A. Saturated Hydrocarbons – they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms present. 1. Alkanes (paraffins) are carbon chains all with single bond. Its general formula is (CnH2n+2) B. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 1. Alkenes (olefins) are carbon chains which contain one or more double bonds. Its general formula is (CnH2n) 2. Alkynes are carbon chains which have one or more triple bonds. Its general formula is (CnH2n-2)

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Hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds are referred to as being saturated whilst any hydrocarbon that contains a double bond is said to be unsaturated. Saturated hydrocarbons are also called the alkanes, whilst the unsaturated hydrocarbons include both those molecules that contain carbon-carbon double bonds (referred to as the alkenes) and those that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds (referred to as the alkynes). Alkanes and alkenes are natural products that have resulted from the decay of organic compounds from plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. They are found today as petroleum, which are mixtures of hydrocarbons containing up to 30 or 40 carbon atoms. Different components of petroleum can be isolated by fractional distillation. 2. According to the Functional Groups Present: 1. "straight-chain" or normal (n) 2. branched-chain 3. cyclic /ring The diagram below shows the classification of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic

Alkane

Saturated

Aromatic

Alkene

Alkyne

Cyclic

Unsaturated

Saturated cyclic compounds contain single bonds only, whereas aromatic rings have an alternating (or conjugated) double bond The degree of branching affects characteristics, such as the octane number or cetane number in petroleum chemistry.

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Illustrations of the structures of the different hydrocarbons Name of Hydrocarbons

Structural Formula

Alkane (― )

CH3 ―CH2―CH2 ―CH2― CH3

Alkene ( = )

CH2 = CH ―CH2―CH2 ―CH2― CH3

Alkyne ( ≡ )

CH ≡ C ― CH2―CH2 ―CH2― CH3

Straight chain

CH3―CH2 ―CH2― CH3

Branched Chain

Cyclic or ring

Benzene/Aromatic

What’s New STRUCTURAL FORMULAS The organic formulas are classified into three: molecular formula, condensed formula, structural formula and skeletal formula. Example: Propane

C3H7

molecular formula

Expanded structural

Skeletal formula Condensed formula Condensed structural

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Activity 3. What Formula Am I? Objective: At the end of the activity, you should be able to classify the formulas of hydrocarbons Material: paper and pen Direction: Classify the following formulae as empirical, molecular, condensed, expanded structural, condensed structural or skeletal formula. _______1.

C2H4O

_______2 .

O

OH _______3.

C4H8O2

_______4.

CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH

_______5.

H H H O I I I II H – C – C – C – C – OH I I I H H H

_______6.

CH3- CH2 - CH2 - C=O -OH

What is It TYPES OF ORGANIC FORMULAE OF HYDROCARBONS 1. Empirical Formula

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The empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of the elements present in a molecule. They are of some use for organic compounds – they can sometimes help us work out the molecular formula if we don’t know it. However, they are much more frequently used for ionic compounds, such as table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl). Example: C2H5O 2. Molecular Formula The molecular formula of a compound gives the exact number of each different type of atom (i.e. type of element) present in one molecule of the compound. This is useful because it allows you to work out the molecular weight of the compound, but can also be restrictive. It doesn’t give you any information about the bonds in the molecule, and, depending on how it’s written, might not even tell you about which functional groups are present. Example: Methane, CH4 Each carbon in the molecule is written out in turn, with the atoms attached to it written directly after. Brackets are used to indicate branching in the molecule, or multiple identical groups. 3. Condensed Formula This formula is a text-based. Each carbon in the molecule is written out in turn, with the atoms attached to it written directly after. Brackets are used to indicate branching in the molecule, or multiple identical groups. Example: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3 (CH2)2 CH3 4. Structural Formula It shows how the various atoms are bonded. a. Expanded Structural formula – shows all the bonds connecting of the atoms in the compounds. Example: Methane, CH4 b. Condensed Structural Formula – shows all atoms, but omits some or all of the vertical and horizontal ...