Copy of Chapter 20 WHAP Outline PDF

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East Asia in Global Perspective East Asia and Europe A) Trading Companies & Missionaries ● Europeans= eager to trade w/ China, but international trade= slow in China (imperial court) ● 16th century- Portuguese, Spanish, & Dutch gained limited access to Chinese trade ● ^ Portuguese ship got bogged down (1517) &= expelled by China (1522) ● ^^ Portuguese gained Macao (1577) &= able to trade ● ^^^ Spain- Manila (Philippines) to trade w/ China & silver laden galleons from S. America ● 17th century- Dutch E. India Company (VOC)= major European trader in the Indian Ocean ● ^ VOC meaning Vereenigde OostIndische Compagnie ● Portuguese tried to seize Malacca (Malay Peninsula, 1511) ● ^ Dutch took it away (1641) ● Dutch fought against SE. Asia (series of wars) ● ^ Javanese kingdom called Mataram ● Catholic missionaries accompanied Portuguese/Spanish to China + Jesuits converted Chinese elites ● ^ Franciscans & Dominicans focused on China’s intellectual & political elite ● Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) used his mastery of Chinese language/culture to gain access to imperial court (1601) ● ^ Helped to bring new science/astronomy technology to China ● ^^ Created maps & when Kangxi (emperor) got sick w/ malaria (1690)- Jesuits helped ● Jesuits tolerated Confucianism ● ^ (1690) Kangxi wrote letter to Rome- supports Jesuits but if they don't sign agreement -> expulsion (decline) B) Chinese Influences on Europe ● Chinese & the Jesuits exchanged ideas/info (variolation/inoculation) to prevent smallpox ● Europe demanded 4 Asian products (“chinoiserie”)= silk, tea, porcelain, jewelry (jade), & wallpaper ● ^ Exported to Europe via Canton ● 1770s- poems (supposedly written by Emperor Qianlong)= translated to French ● Jesuit descriptions of China -> Voltaire to see emperors as benevolent despots/philosopher-kings Europeans could learn from C) Japanese and the Europeans ● Daimyo= warlords who fought w/ guns & wore Japanese inspired armor ● Japaneses sold copper & silver to Dutch -> they exchanged 4 silk in China & resold to Japan ● Portuguese & Spanish merchant ships brought Catholic missionaries ● ^ Francis Xavier (cofounder of Jesuit Order) went to India (16th) to look 4 converts & then travelled to SE. & E. Asia ● ^^ Spent 2 years in Japan & died (1552) ● 1580- < than 100,000 Japaneses= Christians ● ^ One daimyo gave Jesuit missionaries to Nagasaki (port city) ● 17th century- ≈ 300,000 Japaneses Christians & some Japanese priests ● Suspicions of European motives turned the shogunal regime against Christianity ● ^ (1614) banned Christianity & charged supporters who= seeking to overthrow, change gov’t, or seize the country ● ^^ Some missionaries left Japan & others= underground & secretive ● ^^^ Gov’t -> persecutions (1617)- beheadings, crucifixions, & forced recantations (decades) ● (1633-1639)- more laws; illegal Europeans who entered= death penalty & Japaneses= required to have certificates from Buddhist temples ● Few Dutch= allowed to reside on island near Nagasaki & few Japanese= licensed to supply them ● ^ Learned about weapons technology, shipbuilding, mathematics, astronomy, anatomy & medicine, & geography from European books aka “Dutch studies” ● Some of “outer lords” relied on trade w/ Korea, Okinawa, Taiwan, China, & SE. Asia The Imjin War and Japanese Unification ● Ashikaga Shogunate weakened after Onin War -> opportunities 4 daimyos to fight 4 land ● Ea. daimyo had a castle town, small bureaucracy, warriors, & their samurai ● ^ Daimyo pledged allegiance to Japanese emperor & to the shogunate @ Kyoto ● ^^ 3 warlords aka “three unifiers” shared control of Japan ● Oda Nobunaga unified C. Japan (Kyoto) but= betrayed by one of his generals -> 2nd unifier, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, avenged his death & took Oda Nobunaga’s forces ● Hideyoshi Toyotomi= was born a peasant -> warrior who eventually unified the country ● ^ Planned to invade Korea to conquer China so sent officials to meet as far as possible ● 1592- Hideyoshi sent 160,000 men to invade ● ^ Meant to impress domestic rivals, keep daimyos busy outside of Japan (no rebels), push out Christians, dominate E. Asian trade networks, but importantly conquer China ● Korea had cannons but failed -> got help from Ming Chinese & their naval ● Since daimyo armies sent to Korea= skilled @ land fighting -> Japanese navy= unprepared ● ^ Korean admiral Yi Sunshin deployed “turtle ships” ● ^^ Yi Sunshin won 23 naval battles ● Korea asked China for help & @ 1st Ming only sent few 1,000s but bc of Hideyoshi’s military successes & fear that they might reach China ->

sent ≈ 100,000 ● After 1593- China negotiated a peace treaty w/ Japan but later Hideyoshi invaded again (1597) ● After Hideyoshi’s death (1598), Japanese withdrew their forces & (1606) made peace w/ Korea ● ^Attempt to repeal Japan failed, & their forces broke thru & pushed to S. China ● Korean gov’t fell apart & local nobility seized tax paying land, so after gov’t recovered, their treasury & tax income= cut in ½ Tokugawa Japan and Choson Korea to 1800 A) Japanese Reunification and Economic Growth ● Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) established the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603) & created a new administrative capital @ Edo (Tokyo) ● ^ Trade btw Edo & Kyoto promoted Japan’s economy development & other trading centers ● Ieyasu & his successors struggled w/ political centralization but economic integration= < important ● ^ Required daimyo to often visit Edo (good roads & overseas transports= linked to city to 3 out of Japan’s 4 main islands) ● Lords= paid in rice & paid others w/ rice (basically cash/money) ● Edo= population of 1,000,000 (17th century) ● Samurais= better educated & < “elite” + bought silks, sake (rice wine), fans, porcelain, lacquer ware, & books + lended money ● 1600s & 1700s= gr8 achievement in artisanship- steel making, pottery, & lacquer ware + porcelain B) Japanese Elite Decline and Social Crisis ● Tokugawa gov’t had problems w/shogunate’s inability to stabilize rice $ -> decline of samurai ● ^ Realized that rice brokers could manipulate $ & interest rates to enrich themselves ● ^^ Lords & samurais= dependant on merchants’ credits ● Tokugawa gov’t, like gov’ts of China, Korea, & Vietnam accepted Confucian idea that agriculture= basis of wealth & (weak) merchants= low positions in society ● Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1800)- economy grew faster > population ● ^ created kabuki theater, colorful woodblock prints, & silk-screened fabrics + restaurants ● “Forty-Seven Ronin” incident (1701-1703) showed Japan’s transformation; military -> civil society ● ^ Senior minister provoked a young daimyo into drawing his sword @ shogun’s court ● ^^ Was sentenced to commit seppuku (ritual suicide of the samurai) ● ^^^ Then his followers= “ronin” (masterless samurai) who had to avenge their dead master ● ^^^^ The Ronins broke into the senior minister's house & killed him + his family ● ^^^^^ Then killed the shogun that sentenced their master to death (@ temple in Edo) C) Choson Korea ● After Korean king -> new Qing dynasty-> factionalism broke out- officials= violent ● ^ During the Choson dynasty but= still the longest state in E. Asian history ● Koreans used movable type/printing press, creating their own language similar to Japanese (15th) ● Choson dynasty= Confucian state- gov’t= men who passed civil exam system ● ^ If not that -> (16th) ppl in Choson Korea had to be born into the “yangban”(2 orders) class to take the exam & be able to work in any gov’t position ● “Yangban”(2 orders)- hereditary group of those who dominated the civil/military exams ● @ 1st (Choson)- women= still listed w/ families after they married but l8er when they marry- she’s removed from her family “list” ● Confucian teachings discouraged widows from remarrying ● Some women dominated shaman postings, influenced royalty, &= philosophers ● Yangban class didn't have to pay tax but had to serve in the military ● ^ Owned slaves which @ 1 point= 30% of population ● ^^ Buddhist temples also owned slaves ● ^^^ Slave population dropped 10% (18th century) ● ^^^^ When slaves ran away -> had to hire poor commoners From Ming to Qing A) Ming Economic Growth, 1500-1644 ● Landowners, officials, artists, & rich merchants lived in town + bought rank/educated their sons to pass examinations ● ^ Elite class created novels, operas, poetry, porcelain, & paintings ● ^^ Small businesses- printing, tailoring, running restaurants, selling paper, ink, inkstones, & writing brushes ● Imperial gov’t operated factories to make ceramics & silks @ Jingdezhen & places in China ● Ming Empire= economically & politically exhausted -> climate change aka “Little Ice Age” (17th) ● ^ Included Europe; temperatures dropped from 1645 until early 1700s ● ^^ -> Agricultural problems & famine -> uprisings & diseases -> decline in population- end of Ming B) Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing ● Rebellions & threats= main reason of decline of Ming Empire ● ^ Mongols (N./W.) threatened borders- (1500s) Mongols= unified to Dalai Lama or universal teacher to Tibetan Buddhism ● ^^ Leader Galdan restored Mongolia as a regional military power (1600) & @ same time- Manchus (farming ppl who controlled N. Korea) grew stronger in NE. ● Pirates from SW. Japan, Okinawa, & Taiwan often raid SE. coast ● ^ Ming military (who= busy fighting w/ Mongols & Manchus) couldn't fight the pirates ● ^^ -> S. Chinese ppl migrated to SE. Asia & made $$ from overseas trade (Indian Ocean)

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Imjin War influenced Ming to ask for Manchu’s help but then= enemies after that war Rebel leader Li Zicheng (conquered Beijing) & killed the emperor ^ Ming general joined forces w/ Manchus (1644) -> insteading of restoring Ming- Manchus claimed China & began a 40 year conquest for Ming territorites (Taiwan, Mongolia (parts), & C. Asia) C) Emperor Kangxi ● Kangxi (1662-1722) & Qianlong (1736-1796) renewed economic, military, & cultural achievements ● ^ Roads & waterworks= repaired, lower taxes, rents/interest rates= cut, & incentives= rebuilding (rebellions) ● Vietnam, Burma, & Nepal sent embassies to Qing tribute court & took Chinese fashion to homeland (trade) + overland routes from Korea to C. Asia ● Manchu aristocrats who led conquest of Beijing & N. China= dominated 1st Qing emperor & served as regents for Kangxi until he took control over his gov’t in 1669 (@ 16) by executing his chief regent ● ^ Kangxi= intellectual prodigy (mastered Chinese, Manchu, & Mongolian) ● ^^ Was a successful military commander who expanded his territory & maintained stability until death (1722) ● Qing rulers feared that Galdan’s Mongol state & Russians (near Amur River)= forming an alliance ● ^ 1680s- Qing forces attacked wooden forts (built by Russians) ● ^^ Neither empires sent large forces to Amur territories but still Evenks & Dagurs (locals)= suffered ● ^^^ Qing attacked Albazin (2x) ● Qing= worried about Russian alliances w/ others but Russia only wants to protect their access to furs, timbers, & metals (in Siberia & Manchuria) ● Qings & Russians= rivals for control of N. Asia’s Pacific coast ● ^ In 1689- they negotiated Treaty of Nerchinsk (used Jesuits as interpreters) ● ^^ Treaty fixed border along Amur River & trade ● Kangxi led troops & defeated Galdan & (1691) had Inner Mongolia under Qing control D) Tea and Diplomacy ● Qing= eager to expand trade, but wanted to control it in order to be able to tax it more efficiently and to control piracy & smuggling ● ^ Designated a single market point for each foreign sector: market for those coming from S China Sea (European traders)= city of Canton ● This system worked well until late 1700s- the British E. India Company & other English traders believed China’s vast market held the potential for unlimited profit & thought that Qing trade system (the “Canton System”) stood in the way of opening up new paths for commerce ● ^ @ same time, British Parliament= worried about flow of British silver into China & convinced that opening China market= help bring English merchants + bankrupt EIC ● (1793-1794)- British sent a diplomatic mission led by Lord Macartney to open diplomatic relations w/ China & revise trade system ● ^ Macartney mission= failure- diplomatic embassies sent by the Dutch, French, & Russians E) Population Growth and Environmental Stress ● The peace enforced by Qing Empire & temporary revival of agricultural productivity due to American/African crops -> population decreaseChina’s population down btw 350 million & 400 million (late 1700s) ● ^ Population growth= increased environmental stress: deforestation, erosion, silting up of river channels/canals + flooding ● ^^ Result was localized misery, migration, increased crime, & local rebellions ● While the territory & population of the Qing Empire grew, # of officials remained the same ● Qing depended on local elites to maintain local order, but was unable to enforce tax regulations, control standards for entry into government service, or prevent the declining revenue, increased corruption, and increased banditry in the late 1700s ● Over population= problem in China towards the end of Qing Dynasty ● < people ->less available land per family & less land for farming ● ^ created problems because in order for the families to make $ they had to revert to growing cash crops, which would not provide food ● ^^ -> agricultural decline ● Demand for wood -> intense deforestation -> wind/water erosion which couldn’t be controlled by water works- poorly maintained ● Gov’t began its decline mainly due to the population explosion ● Gov’t= better organized than the Ming, but they had the same # of officials as the Ming & could not handle the large population...