Copy of HIS 17A - Final Study Guide 1 PDF

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Comprehensive answers to possible questions on the exam that refer to readings, lecture and homework. ...

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Final Paper Format 10 ID terms, must choose 6. 2 Essay questions to answer. Must answer 1 from 2 sets of 5 Useful Links For a larger context: http://www.americanyawp.com/reader.html 2017 HIS17A Final IDs: https://quizlet.com/251124407/uc-davis-his-17a-final-exam2017-flash-cards/ Lecture IDs 1. Haitian Revolution In demanding an end to slavery, the Haitian Revolution from 1791 to 1804 appealed to a growing international movement that proclaimed universalist messages of liberty and equality.The movement initially targeted the inhumanity of the slave trade, graphically depicted in Thomas Clarkson’s 1788 engraving of the cruel crowd- ing below decks on a slave ship. In 1789, English antislavery activists published The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, which served as a template for explaining the injustice of slavery in a world speaking of liberty and equality. In 1794, France abolished slavery in the entire French Empire and declared that all were citizens with rights. Led by Toussaint Louverture who was a former slave. 2. Petticoat Electors This is about New Jersey’s first Constitution in 1776 which was the most liberal of all the colonies, as far as suffrage was Concerned. It was not simply a matter of not including women as voters—it was a matter of not excluding women or blacks or foreigners.If they could meet the property requirements they could vote. The other 12 colonies all had clauses that limited voting to “free white male citizens” or something similar. Some did not exclude aliens, some did not exclude blacks, but all except New Jersey limited voting to males. 3. Missouri Compromise From Book: Missouri Compromise Law that admitted Missouri as a state permitting slavery and Maine as a state outlawing slavery, an attempt to maintain sectional political balance. Congress passed the Missouri Compromise in 1820, which allowed Missouri to enter the United States as a slave state balanced by Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) as a free state. Significant because the Missouri Compromise line helped to turn complicated political and

familial identities on the ground into a starker sense of “us” versus “them.” Missouri’s new constitution, which prohibited free blacks from settling in the state, indicated that individual citizenship rights would continue to resist compromise. The missouri compromise consisted of three parts: 1) Missouri would be admitted into the union (including all of its slaves). 2) Maine, which prohibited slavery, would be admitted into the Union to balance the amount of slave states and free states. 3) Slavery prohibited in all remaining territory within the Louisiana purchase north of the missouri’s southern boundary. The Missouri Compromise intensified the controversy of slavery between the north and the south and further fueled the slavery issue within the union. 4. Lewis Cass Lewis Cass was a prominent figure in the Compromise of 1850, an agreement forged in Congress to resolve the dispute over the status of slavery in territories acquired after the U.S.– Mexican War. Cass formulated the idea of “popular sovereignty”, defined in the textbook as a position taken by many Democrats in the debate over slavery in the territories that asserted local, not congressional, control over the issue. This idea took the controversy out of Congress and invoked U.S. traditions of self-government and local control. Democrats turned to Cass during the 1848 election based on the platform of popular sovereignty. 5. Worcester vs. Georgia (kind of complicated and very significant) This was in response to the Indian Removal Act (5.a) Jackson, acting as executive, refused to enforce the decisions and supported the forcible removal of Indians in the Southeast. The American millions pushing Congress and the states to buy Indian land gained a new motive in 1829 when a north Georgia farmer and prospector discovered gold on a tributary of the Chattahoochee River, setting off a rush of migrants in search of quick wealth. The Cherokee Nation, a republic-style government established in 1820, owned most of the gold-producing land. The state of Georgia quickly passed laws designed to strip Cherokees of this land and their rights. As Native Americans had long done, Cherokees brought their grievance against Georgia to U.S. courts. In his Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) decision, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the U.S. Marshall defined the Cherokee Nation as a “domestic dependent nation,” a ward rather than an independent country, that nevertheless had rights to its lands until it decided to cede control. In 1832, the Cherokee Nation brought a new test case with a U.S. citizen: Samuel Worcester, a Vermont missionary who had refused to obey Georgia’s new law that non-Indians in Cherokee country pledge allegiance to the state of Georgia. In Worcester v. Georgia (1832),

and the ruling was that the Cherokee Nation was “a distinct community” and Georgia laws had no force within its borders. The Cherokee Indian Cases defined the legal status of Native American tribes as entities under the protection of the U.S. government that maintained sovereignty within their own borders.

a. Indian Removal Act In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which called for almost 100,000 Indians to relocate voluntarily from areas up and down the western borderlands of the United States across the Mississippi River to Indian Territory. Supreme Court did define the Cherokee Nation as a “domestic dependent nation,” a ward rather than an independent country, that had rights to its lands until it decided to cede control. 6. Charles G. Finney Charles Grandison Finney (1792–1875) studied to be a lawyer, but a conversion experience in 1821 led him to abandon the law and become a Presbyterian minister. He led preaching tours in the 1820s and 1830s that sparked revivals across the northeastern United States and Britain. He became president of Oberlin College in 1851. Oberlin, the first U.S. college to regularly admit white women and African Americans, was part of abolitionists’ efforts to help runaway slaves escape to freedom in Canada. Finney’s tours and publications ensured that the Second Great Awakening was a transatlantic religious movement. More context: In 1835, he published Lectures on Revivals of Religion, in which he explained that enthusiastic preaching worked only on a soul that was prepared. He urged readers, “You must begin by looking at your hearts” and write down an inventory of specific sins committed (pride, envy, lying) as well as sins of omission (ingratitude, neglect of the Bible, failure to pray with family). The book was soon translated into French and Welsh. He and his second wife, Elizabeth, traveled to Britain in the 1850s where he preached and she held religious meetings for women, spreading the “new measures” of revival a. Second Great Awakening The second great awakening of the nineteenth century was a religious revival that democratized christianity all across America, making it a truly mass enterprise. Evangelical denominations observed a growth in membership during the second great awakening. The second great awakening embodied the idea that every person was a “moral free agent” able to choose between christian life or sin. The second great awakening was important because it’s message that any American could shape their own destinies promoted qualities that were necessary for the success of the Market revolution.

7. “Burned over District” "Burned-over District” was a name applied to the western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century. It described the religious character of western New York during the first half of the nineteenth century, where religious revivals and the formation of new religious movements of the Second Great Awakening took place. The meaning expands in a geographical sense because this one area provides a case history in the westward transit of New England culture. Likewise, it is representative as a sample of the change from youth to maturity in a single section affected by continuing westward movement. The subject of religion has broader significance in this period and locality than might at first appear. This section was the storm center, and religious forces were the driving propellants of social movements important for the whole country in that generation.

8. American Temperance Union From Book: Organization founded in 1826 to promote reducing the use of alcohol that sparked a national cause and eventually had numerous local branches. The American Temperance Society was formed in 1826 by Minister Lyman Beecher and other Boston ministers. It was formed in response to the fact that binge drinking and drinking alone was on the rise - which was not compatible with democracy or evangelicalism. The American Temperance Union which soon inspired the opening of thousands of local chapters. Their goal was to encourage people to moderate their drinking by limiting consumption and switching to beer and wine rather than the “ardent spirits” of whiskey or rum. More information: The expanding movement had wide appeal, as well as support from churches and business leaders. The Georgia State Temperance Society, founded in 1828, initially held its annual meetings with the state Baptist convention. Baptists charged that drinking violated the Sabbath because workers who had only a single day off in the workweek spent it in the bar rather than in church. Others focused on the social costs of excessive drinking. Men and women argued that alcoholic fathers failed in their duties as head of household by drinking up the family’s earnings and physically abusing their wives and children. By the mid-1830s, the American Temperance Society claimed that 1 million people had signed pledges to give up drinking, and temperance stories, songs, and poems rolled off printing presses. 9. “Gag rule”

From textbook: As a result of the Anti-Slavery movement, Congress passed a “gag rule” in May of 1836 that forbid the national legislative body from even discussing antislavery petitions. In formal terms, it was a resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives forbidding the consideration of antislavery petitions. It was rescinded in 1844. Abolition petitions signed by more than two million persons had inundated Congress after the establishment of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833). Gag rules supported by pro-slavery congressmen, postponed the consideration, printing, and referral of such petitions. Repeal was secured by a House group led by the former president John Quincy Adams and Joshua R. Giddings. Adams contended that the gag rules were a direct violation of the First Amendment to the federal Constitution, and he refused to be silenced on the question, fighting indomitably for repeal despite the bitter denunciation of his opponents. 10. Gradual Emancipation - Late 1700s From Textbook: State laws passed during and after the Revolutionary War that ended slavery for the future children of slaves. Vermont declared independence from New York and New Hampshire, its new state constitution abolished slavery outright, and it entered the United States in 1791 as a free state. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania followed by enacting gradual emancipation laws. Under these laws, people who were enslaved remained slaves for life, but their children born after the passage of the laws were freed following prolonged indentures during which they continued to work for former masters. Most gradual emancipation laws worked to protect the property rights of owners and to ensure continued access to the labor of former slaves. Once they outlawed slavery, however, free states became destinations for enslaved people seeking liberty. Gradual emancipation laws were debated in Virginia and Delaware but never passed. 11. Robert Goodloe Harper Robert Goodloe Harper served in the U.S. Senate (1815-1816) and later a founding member of The Society for the Colonization Society for Free People of Color (1816) to form a colony on the African east coast, later called Liberia which gained its independence in 1847. This is because some members feared that free blacks could never find equal treatment in the United States and were better off forming their own community elsewhere. Others thought the existence of free blacks undermined the institution of slavery and to protect it, the United States needed to expel former slaves. Using private funds and money from the U.S. Congress, the Society ultimately sent thousands of African Americans to Liberia, a new colony they founded on the West Coast of Africa, next to Sierra Leone, the colony for freed slaves that Britain had

established in 1787. a. American Colonization Society Organization Was founded in 1816 by clergymen and politicians to raise money to send former slaves and free blacks to settle in Africa. b. Liberia Colony founded by the American Colonization Society on land purchased in West Africa that was designed for the settlement of free blacks from the United States. 12. Waltham System An industrial model that took place in its own enclosed world. You start with a factory, then have a company town (this is where the workers of the factory live). Factory owner owned the factory and the company town. System was tried out first in Waltham, Massachusetts hence its name. Another important part of the model was hiring people who weren’t necessarily skilled (but cheap) people, young (and hungry for a job), easily exploitable, eager to leave a rural area where there is little opportunity, not a lot of bargaining power, and someone who has not been part of the cash company before. Who does this mean? Employed young female workers. The Waltham System reached its peak with the founding of a Lowell factory system - keeping women orderly and industrialist workers. Significant labor organization and workforce. Women fought back! 13. Samuel Morse Morse was an American republican painter and inventor who, independent of similar efforts in Europe, developed an electric telegraph (1832-35). A telegraph is any device or system that allows the transmission of information by coded signal over distance. In 1838 he developed the Morse Code. He was a raving anti-catholic and bigot. He says “it is a fat that popery is opposed in its very nature to democratic republicanism; and it is, therefore a political system as well as a religious system…” + “the Popery is the natural enemy of general education. Do you not ask for proof? It is overwhelming.” Catholicism is a political system as much as it is a religious system, to Morse. As a political system and a religious system that is bad, if negatively affects religious liberty and democratic liberty. He insists that bavarian troops pose an insidious threat to the US because Europeans are immigrating to the US. Especially, immigrants from despotic areas of Europe, especially catholic germans and irish. He says, overtime, one day we will be surrounded by mentally degraded, horrible catholics who are aiming to take down the republic. Because of this, Protestant Americans needed to be on guard against this slow, insidious threats to stop the destruction of American from within by Catholic immigrants. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-F-B-Morse https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kenneth-c-davis/no-immigrants-nocatholic_b_553393.html

http://www.americanyawp.com/reader/democracy-in-america/samuel-morse-fears-acatholic-conspiracy-1835/ 14. Manifest Destiny From textbook: Popular belief in the United States in the early nineteenth century that the nation was destined to rule over North America. Manifest Destiny justified taking territory and displacing its inhabitants, primarily Mexicans and Indians, from their homes. Many believed that their actions were justified because they were improving the land they conquered and the peoples they encountered.Throughout this period, the national political parties vied with one another to determine how to incorporate the West into the new nation.This conflict defined political parties and set the stage for the sectional conflicts of the 1850s. The first test of Manifest Destiny was the U.S.–Mexican War. The U.S. military attacked Mexico, which ended with the acquisition of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and portions of Colorado and Utah. 15. Lecompton Constitution From textbook: Proslavery constitution that was drafted for Kansas Territory in 1857 but not approved by Congress when Democrats split into sectional factions Buchanan insisted that the Lecompton constitution was legitimate and pressured northern Democrats in Congress to join southern colleagues and admit Kansas to statehood under it. This Constitution contained clauses protecting slaveholding and a bill of rights excluding free blacks, and it added to the frictions leading up to the U.S. Civil War. Thought it was rejected in a territorial election (January 1858), Pres. James Buchanan subsequently recommended statehood for Kansas under its provisions. Congress balked, and a compromise was offered calling for resubmission of the constitution for the territory’s voters. Kansas again rejected it the following August and was admitted to the Union as a free state on Jan. 29, 1861.

16. Harpers Ferry Harpers Ferry is a town in West Virginia historically known as the site for John Brown’s raid on the Armory in 1859 and its role in the American Civil War and of several battles of the war. The town was settled in 1734 by Robert Harper, who established a ferry across the Potomac and a grist mill on the Shenandoah. The site was selected by President George Washington for a federal armoury because of its waterpower potential and was purchased from Harper’s heirs in 1796. The town developed as an important U.S. arsenal and centre for the manufacture of rifles. On October 16-18, 1859 - the arsenal of Harpers Ferry was the target of an assault by an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown. The raid was intended to be the first stage in an

elaborate plan to establish an independent stronghold of freed slaves in the mountains of Maryland and Virginia -- an enterprise that had won moral and financial support from several prominent Bostonians. Brown was able to seize the armoury on October 16. John Brown and 15 of his followers are white, 5 black. He wants to start a war between antislavery forces and pro-slavery forces. Brown really thought of this as a struggle between good and evil, he welcomed conflict. The raid lasted 30 hours. Brown believes he is a martyr to the cause and welcomes his own sacrifice. Source: https://www.britannica.com/place/Harpers-Ferry More context: Massive violence from pro-slavery peoples when anti-slavery people tried to vote in January of 1856. 17. Crittenden Resolution (aka Crittendon-Johnson Resolution) July 25, 1861 - Congress passed this compromise declaring that the war is being waged for the reunion of the states and not to interfere with the institutions of the South, namely slavery. The measure was important in keeping the pivotal states of Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland in the Union. Congress passed the resolution after the succession of the Southern states, with the purpose of clarifying the purposes of the war to come. It established the purpose of the war as restoration of the Union, with the retention of the slave laws as they existed before the war. Lincoln supported the resolution, as it would hopefully reassure those slave states which were also border states, that slavery would be retained. It was repealed by the radical republicans after the Emancipation Proclamation, as war aims expanded to include harsh reconstruction plans for the Confederate States. This resolution is not to be confused with an earlier plan, the Crittenden Compromise, which proposed protecting slavery as an enticement to keep Southern states from seceding; the plan was defeated in Congress. Although this compromise was passed in Congress, it meant little when, just two weeks later, President Abraham Lincoln signed a confiscation act, allowing for the seizure of property-including slaves--from rebellious citizens. Still, for the first year and a half of the Civil War, reunification of the U.S. was the official goal of the North. a. Related to the Crittenden Compromise From text...