Criminology notes 1-4 vocabulary PDF

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Criminology notes chapters 1-4 vocabulary easy accessibility for the quiz and helps a lot if you have ctrl F...

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CHAPTER 1 VOCAB Crime (p5): there are various definitions of crime. From a legalistic approach, crime is that which violates the law. Mala en se (p5): acts that are considered inherently evil. (Example: Murder, rape, robbery) Mala prohibita (p5): acts that are considered crimes primarily because they have been declared bad by legal codes in that jurisdiction. (Example: speeding, j-walking, gambling, drugs) Deviance (p5): behaviors that are not normal; includes many illegal acts as well as activities that are not necessarily criminal but are unusual and often violate social norms. Criminology (p5): the scientific study of crime and the reasons why people engage or do not engage in crime. Criminal justice (p5): often refers to the various criminal justice agencies and institutions (pole, courts and corrections) that are interrelated. Consensus perspective (p5): theories that assume that virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws and therefore assume no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society. Conflict perspective (p6): criminal behavior theories that assume most people disagree on what the law should be and that law is used as a tool by those in power to keep down other groups. State police (p7): agencies with general power to enforce state laws as well as to investigate major crimes. Highway patrol (p7): one type of model characterizing statewide police departments. The primary focus is to enforce the laws on highways and public roads. Limited jurisdiction (p8): the authority of a court to hear and decide cases within an area of the law or a geographic territory. Geographic jurisdiction: The authority of a court to hear and decide a case within a specific geographic area. Probation (p8): an arrangement between the sentencing authority (government) and the offenders, requiring the offender to comply with certain terms for a specific amount of time. Jail (p8): designed for individuals convicted of minor crimes and to house individuals awaiting trial. Prison (p9): generally, for individuals convicted of serious crimes and with longer sentences. Parens patriae (p9): a philosophical perspective that recognizes that the state (government) has both the right and the obligation to intervene on behalf of its citizens, particularly for juveniles. Judicial waiver (p11): the authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to an (adult) criminal court. Concurrent jurisdiction (p11): original jurisdiction for certain cases is shared by both adult (criminal) and juvenile courts; the prosecutor has discretion to file such cases in either court.

Statutory exclusion (p11): excludes certain juvenile offenders from the juvenile court jurisdiction; by statue, case automatically go to adult (criminal) court. Comparative criminology (p12): the study of crime across various cultures to identify similarities and differences in crime patterns.

Parsimony (p16): a characteristic of good theory; the fewest possible propositions or concepts. Scope (p16): refers to the range of criminal behavior that a theory attempts to explain. Logical consistency (p16): the extent to which the concepts and propositions of a theoretical model make sense in terms of face value and consistency with what is readily known about crime rates and trends. Testability (p16): the extent to which a theoretical model can be empirically or scientifically tested through observation and empirical research. Empirical validity (p17): the extent to which a theoretical model is supported by scientific research. Temporal ordering (p17): the criterion for determining causality; variable x precedes variable y. Correlation or covariation (p17): a criterion of causality that requires in a predicator variable x to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable y. Spuriousness (p19): when other factors are actually causing two variables to occur at the same time; it may appear as if X causes Y, when in fact they are both being caused by Z. Victim precipitation (p21): the increased likelihood of an individual becoming a victim due to something they did (or did not do) that put them more at risk. Compensation (p23): often paid to the victims of violent acts by the government. Restitution (p23): often ordered by the court to be paid to the victim by the offender. Victim impact statement (p24): formal statements given by the victims in court about the incident; these statements can be used in determining the offender’s sentence. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 2 VOCAB Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) (p31-33): an annual report published by the FBI. It is compiled from data supplied form local, state and federal agencies throughout the country. Supplementary Homicide Reports (p38): Part of the UCR program. Provides additional, detailed information on the incident. National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) (p40): an enhanced version of the UCR program that collects more information on incidents. Hate crime data (p43): the best known hate crime data course is the Hate Crime Statistics; collection of information on traditional offenses that have an additional bias. Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) (p44): collects data on officers killed and injured in the line of duty. National Victimization Survey (p45): a primary measure of crime in the U.S.; collected through interviews with victims of crime. Self-reports: interviews with offenders, self-reporting criminal activity. Monitoring the Future (p49): an annual self-report survey that collects information to measure substance abuse and alcohol use patterns among youths.

National Survey on Drug Use and Health (1971) (p50): Used to collect information annually on the use of illegal drugs by individuals. National Youth Gang Survey (p51): collects basic information from law enforcement agencies concerning the gang problems in different jurisdictions. Spatial analyses of crime (p54): analysis focuses on crime places. Crime mapping. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 3 VOCAB Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) (p31-33): an annual report published by the FBI. It is compiled from data supplied form local, state and federal agencies throughout the country. Supplementary Homicide Reports (p38): Part of the UCR program. Provides additional, detailed information on the incident. National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) (p40): an enhanced version of the UCR program that collects more information on incidents. Hate crime data (p43): the best known hate crime data course is the Hate Crime Statistics; collection of information on traditional offenses that have an additional bias. Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) (p44): collects data on officers killed and injured in the line of duty. National Victimization Survey (p45): a primary measure of crime in the U.S.; collected through interviews with victims of crime. Self-reports: interviews with offenders, self-reporting criminal activity. Monitoring the Future (p49): an annual self-report survey that collects information to measure substance abuse and alcohol use patterns among youths. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (1971) (p50): Used to collect information annually on the use of illegal drugs by individuals. National Youth Gang Survey (p51): collects basic information from law enforcement agencies concerning the gang problems in different jurisdictions. Spatial analyses of crime (p54): analysis focuses on crime places. Crime mapping. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 4 VOCAB Four Waves of Modern Deterrence Research Aggregate studies (p92): collection of studies Cross sectional studies (p92): a research design model in which a collection of data is taken at one point in time Longitudinal studies (p93): studies conducted over a lengthy period of time Scenario research (p94): studies that provide participants with specific hypothetical scenarios

Vignettes (p94): short descriptive sketches Experiential effect (p93): the extent to which prior experiences influence individual perceptions over time Formal Deterrence (p95): deterrent effects from law enforcement, courts or corrections. Informal Deterrence (p95): deterrent effects from family, friends, or church (etc.). Rational choice theory (p95): a modern, Classical School – based framework for explaining crime that includes the traditional formal deterrence aspects and other informal factors that influence behavior Routine activities theory (p101): an explanation of crime that assumes crime and victimization are highest in places where three factors come together in time and place: Suitable target Motivated offender Absence of a guardian...