Critical Thinking Final Exam PDF

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CamRon Jackson Critical Thinking Final Exam Simple Statement: Does not contain any other statement. Ex) The Eiffel tower is in Paris. Compound Statement: Contains at least one other statement. Ex) The Eiffel tower is in Paris, and so is the Arc de Tromp. Negation: Statements that deny another statement. Look for “not, isn’t, false” Disjunction: Compound statement joined by “or” (S1 or s2) “or, unless, any one of” Conjunction: Compound statement joined by “and” (s1 and s2) “and, but, even though, nevertheless, even though, still” Conditionals: If one statement in the compound is true, then the next statement must be true. Ex) If it rains today, then she’ll take the bus. “if” is the antecedent. “then” is the consequent. Deductive arguments are never weak nor strong. Denying the disjunct: valid 1) S1 or S2 (or both) (but not both) 2) Not S1 (s2) Therefore 3) S2 (s1) Affirming and Inclusive Disjunct: Invalid 1) S1 or S2 (or both) 2) S1 (S2) Therefore, 3) Not S2 (S1) Affirming an Exclusive Disjunct: Valid (rarely this one) 1) S1 or S2 (But not both) 2) S1 (S2) Therefore, 3) Not S2 (S1) Affirming the Antecedent: Valid 1) If S1 then S2 2) S1 Therefore, 3) S2 Denying the Antecedent: Invalid 1) If S1 then S2 2) Not S1 Therefore, 3) Not S2 Denying the Consequent: Valid 1) If S1 then S2 2) Not S2 Therefore, 3) Not S1

Affirming the Consequent: Invalid 1) If S1 then S2 2) S2 Therefore, 3) S1 Tri-Conditional: Valid 1) If S1 then S2 2) If S2 then S3 Therefore, 3) If S1 then S3

Analogical Argument: 1) X1s have features F1, F2, F3, … and feature Fc. 2) X2s, also have features F1, F2, F3, … Therefore, 3) X2s probably have Fc. Analogues: X1 The thing which the entities In the conclusion are being compared. Primary Subject: X2 things about which a conclusion is being drawn. Similarities: F1,F2,F3 features that the premises claim are shared by the analogue and primary subj Conclusory Feature: Fc Feature in arguments conclusion that’s claimed to be a feature of the primary subject.

Statistical Arguments: General: 1) P% of S observed things in G have F Therefore, 2) P% of all the things in G have F Particular: 1) P% of all things in G have F 2) X is a thing in G Therefore, 3) There is a P% chance that X has F Parts of a statistical argument: 1) The observed things in G is the sample 2) The S is the number of things in the sample 3) The features that all these things have, the F, is the relevant property. 4) All things in G is the target. 5) P is the percentage of the observed things that have F.

Causal Arguments: 1) E1 is correlated with E2 2) E2 is not the cause of E1 3) There is no E3 that is the cause of E1&E2 4) E1&E2 are not coincidentally related Therefore, 5) E1 is a cause of E2. Post Hoc Fallacy: Misunderstands relationship between causes and time. 1) E1 occurs before E2. Therefore, 2) E1 is a cause of E2. Third-Party Fallacy: asserts there is no thirdparty cause. 3) There is no E3 that is the cause of E1 and E2. Common Cause Fallacy: Jump too quick to the conclusion: 1) E1 is correlated with E2. 2)E2 is not the cause of E1. Therefore, 3) E1 is a cause of E2 Hasty Cause Fallacy: Overlooks the possibility of coincidental correlation and reasons from the claim that 1) E1 is correlated with E2. To the conclusion that 5) E1 is a cause of E2. Slippery Slope Fallacy: If a person makes a series of causal claims, one or more that commit fallacy of hasty cause, that person has committed the slipper slope fallacy. Repeatedly committing the hasty cause fallacy. Necessary Condition: an event is required for the production of another event. Sufficient Condition: an event, all by itself, will produce another event. Contributory Cause: when the first event has an effect on the second but neither is necessary or sufficient. Primary: When you pick a particular necessary, sufficient or contributory cause for special attention....