Definition and Different Kinds of Ownership PDF

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Defini t i onandDi ffer entKi ndsofOwne r s hi p I )Defini t i on ofOwner s hi p: Accor di ngt oAus t i n"Owne r shi pmeansaRi ghtwhi c hav ai l sagai ns t e v er y onewhoi ssubj ec tt ot hel aw c onf er r i ngt her i ghtt oputt hi ngt ouse rof i nfini t enat ur e . " Hol l and:Owne r shi pi sapl enar ycont r olov eranobj ec t "Ac c or di ngt o hi mt heownerhast hr eer i ght sont heobj e c t-1)Poss ess i on2)Enj oyme ntand 3)Owne r shi p

I I )Di ffer entKi ndsofowner shi p

a)Cor por ealOwner s hi p Cor por ealOwne r s hi pi st hecompl e t eowner shi ponmat er i al obj ec t sl i keCar ,House ,Lande t c . b)I ncor por ealOwner shi p: I ncor por ealowne r shi pi st heowne r shi pofar i ght .Owner s hi pof acopyr i ght,t r ademar k,pat enti si nc or por eal . c)Tr us tandBenefici alOwner shi p Tr us towne r shi pi sane xampl eofdupl i cat eowne r shi p. Tr us t e ei snomi nalorl eg alowner .I nt heey eofLw t het r us t e er epr esent shi s benefic i ar y .

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I l l us t r at i on : I fpr oper t yi sgi v ent oAont r us tf orB ,Awoul dbet r us t e eand B woul dbet hebenefici ar y .Awoul dbet hel e galowne roft hepr oper t yandB woul dbebe nefic i alowner .Her eAi sunde robl i gat i ont ouset hepr oper t ynl y f ort hebenefitofB.

d)LegalandEqui t abl eOwner shi p Legalowner shi pi st heout comeofcommonl aw ofEngl andgi ven by commonl aw Cour t . On t heot herhandequi t abl eowner shi pi st heout come ofl aw ofequi t y. e)Sol eOwner shi p I nsol eowne r shi pt her ei sonl yoneowne r .Oneper sonc ons t i t ut edasan owne rt ot hee xc l usi onoft heot he r s . Exampl e-Aownsahouseorl ande xc l usi v e l y . f )Coowner s hi pWhent woormor epe r sonsj oi nt l yownapr oper t yt heyar ecal l edc oowne r s. Theconce pti snote xc l us i v eofanyi ndi vi dualbuti ti sexc l usi v e owne r shi pofgr oupofper son. Exampl e-Par t ner shi pPr oper t y ,Copar c enar y g)Ves t edOwner shi p

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Ve s t edowner shi pi sc ompl e t ei t s el f .I ti scondi t i onalont he happeni ngofanev ent ,whi c hi sc er t ai n. Exampl e:Xt r ans f er spr ope r t yt oYagai ns tas al edeedorgi f tdee d.Y' s owne r shi pi nt hepr oper t yi sv es t edi fXt r ans f er st hepr oper t yt oYf orl i f et i me andt he nt oZaf t erY' ALL deat h.i nt hi sexampl eZ' si nt e r e s ti nt hepr ope r t yi s v e s t ed.

h)Cont i ngentOwner shi p Thewor dc ont i ngencymeanshappeni ngornonhappeni ngofanunc er t ai n f ut ur eev ent .Acont i nge ntowne r shi pi sone,whi c hi si ncompl e t e ,butbe come s c ompl e t eupont hecont i nge ncy .

Pos ses si on:Meani ng,Defini t i onandKi ndsofposses si on Ac c or di ngt oSal mond,i nt hewhol er angeofl eg alt heor y ,t her ei sno c once pt i onmor edi fficul tt hant hatofPoss essi on.Poss essi oni st hemos tbasi c r e l at i onbe t weenmanandat hi ng .Posse ssi oni sanevi denc eofowne r shi p. 1)Meani ng: " Pos se ssi on"l i t er ar ymeansphy si calc ont r olov erat hi ngoranobj e c t .I t e xpr e ssest hec l oses tr e l at i onoff ac tt hatcanexi s tbe t weenat hi ngandt he per son,whoposse ssi t .I nl aw,possess i onmeansi ti nc l ude snotonl yphys i cal c ont r olov erat hi ngbutal soani nt ent i ont oe xer ci s et hatphy si calc ont r ol . Exampl e:Ahasanar t i c l ei nhi shand.I not herwor ds,hei si nposse ssi onof t hatar t i c l e .Theper sonwhoi si nposses si oni scal l eda' Poss essor ' .I nhuman l i f e ,consumpt i onofmat er i alt hi ng si sv er yess ent i alandi twoul dbeI mpos si bl e wi t houtt heposi t i onoft hemat e r i alt hi ngs .The r e f or et hec onc eptofposse ssi on i sofut mos tpr ac t i c ali mpor t anc ei nhumanl i f e. 3

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2)Defini t i on: Thec onc eptofposses si oni st houghbasi candesse nt i ali nhumanl i f e , i ti sadi ffic ul tt odefine .The r ei snofixe dorpr eci sede fini t i onofpossess i on becausei ti sl egalaswe l lasf ac t ualc oncept .Supr emeCour t i nSuperi nt endentRemembr ancerLegalAffai r svsAni lKumar ,AI R 1980 SC 52,he l dt hati ti si mpossi bl et owor koutac ompl e t e l yl ogi calandpr eci se defini t i onofPosse ssi onuni f or ml yappl i cabl et oal ls i t uat i oni nt hec ont extofal l t hes t at ut es . I ti sv er ydi ffic ul tt odefinet het er m Poss essi on.SomeJur i s t shav egi v en di ffer entdefini t i ons. John Sal mond: Sal monddefinesPos se ssi onas," posses si oni st hec ont i nui ng e xe r ci seofac l ai mt ot heExc l usi v eus eofanobj ec t . " Savi gny: Savi gnyde finesPos ses si onas," i nt ent i onc oupl edwi t hphy si cal powert oexc l udeot her sf r om t heuseofmat e r i alobj e c t . Sal mondcr i t i c i z edSavi ngy' sdefini t i onandgr oundt hatSavi ngy c ommi t t edane r r orbyi nc l udi ngt hee l ementofphysi calpoweri nhi sdefini t i on. O. W.Hol mes: Hol mesde fine sPoss essi onas ," Togai nPos sess i onamanmus t s t andi nace r t ai nphys i calr e l at i ont ot heobj ec tandt ot her es toft hewor l d, andmus thav ece r t ai ni nt ent . " Mai ne: Mai nedefinest heposs essi onas ," phy si calde t e nt i oncoupl edwi t h t hei nt ent i ont ohol dt het hi ngsde t ai ne dasone' sown.

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Si rFr eder i ckPol l ock: Si rFr eder i c kPol l oc kdefine sPos sess i onas ," I ncommons pe ec ha mani ssai dt opossesst obei nposs essi onofanyt hi ngofwhi c hhehast he appar entc ont r olf r om t heuseofwhi c hhehasappar entpowerf orexcl udi ng ot her s . " I her i ng: Thebes tamongt hem i st hedefini t i ongi v enbyI hi r i ng.Ac cor di ng t ohi m," whenev eraper s onl ooke dl i keanowneri nr e l at i ont oat hi ng,hehad poss essi onofi tunl essPosse ssi onwasde ni e dt ohi m byr ul esofl aw base don pr ac t i calc onv eni enc e. "

3)El ement sofPoss ess i on Fr om t heabov edefini t i onwec oul dseei nt hatposses si onhast wo e ssent i al s1)Ac t ualpowerov ert heobj e c tposse ssed.i . e .c or puspos se s si oni sand 2)I nt ent i onoft heposses sort oexc l udeanyi nt er f e r enc ef r om ot her s. i . e .ani muspos si dendi . Acc or di ngt oJohnSal mond,bot hcor pusandani musmus tbepr esentt o c ons t i t ut ePoss ess i on.Owner shi pi sal eg alconc eptwher easPoss ess i oni s f ac t ualaswe l lasl eg alconce pt . Thet er m CORPUSandt het er m ANI MUS,bot ht het er msbor r owedf r om t he RomanLaw. 5

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4)Cat egor i esofPossessi on: Pos se ssi oni sdi vi dedi nt ot wocat egor i es . a)Pos ses si oni nf ac tand b)Pos se s si oni nl aw. Pos se ssi oni nf ac ti sac t ualorphy si calposs essi on.I ti sphy si calr e l at i on t oat hi ng.Posses si oni nl aw meanspos sessi oni nt heey eofl aw.I tmeansa poss essi onwhi c hi sr ec ogni z edandpr ot ec t edbyl aw.The r ei ss ome t i mesa di sc r epanc ybe t wee nposs ess i oni nf ac tandposi t i oni nl aw,al t houghus ual l y poss essi one xi s t sbot hi nf ac tandi nl aw i nt hesamepe r son.Aper sonwhoi s i ndef ac t oposse ssi onofat hi ngal soc omest ohav edej ur epossess i on.

6)Modesofacqui r i ngposs essi on: The r ear et womodesofacqui r i ngpos sess i oni )De l i v er yandi i )Pos sessi on. i )Del i ver y:De l i v er ycompl e t e sv ol unt ar yac tf r om oneper s ont oanot he r .The t r ans f er orgi v esac t ualposi t i ont ot het r ans f er e e.I ti sus ual l yal awf ulmodeof poss essi on.De l i v er ymaybeac t ualofcons t r uc t i v e.I nac t ualde l i v e r yt het hi ng i sphys i cal l yde l i v er ed. i i )Taki ng:Taki ngi mpl i esanAc texc l usi v e l yont hepar toft heper sonwho phy si cal l yt akest hePos sess i on.I ti sac qui si t i onoft hePos se ssi onwi t houtt he c onsentofpr evi ousPos sessor .I ti st heposs ess i onwi t houtt hec ons entoft he Pos ses sor .Some t i mesi ti ssai dt obeuni l at er alac t .Tr ans f er eeacqui r est he poss essi onwi t houtt heknowl edgeorc onsentoft hef or merPosse ssoroft he t hi ng .I ti sus ual l yposses si oc i vi l i s.I tmayormaynotbel awf ul .I fi ti sl awf ul t he ni ti sl eg alposse ssi on.i . e .posses si oj ur i . Seei n Det ai lMet hodsofTr ansf erofpossessi on

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7)Ki ndsofpos sessi on:See⏩⏩ I mpor t antKi ndsofposs essi on. 8)Possessor yRemedi es: Pos sess or yRemedi e sar et hosewhi c he xi s t st hepr ot ec t i onof Pos ses si onev enag ai nstowner s hi p.Pr opr i e t ar yr eme di esar et hos ewhi c har e av ai l abl ef ort hepr ot ec t i onofowne r shi p.I nmanyl e gals yst ems,posse ssi oni s pr ovi si onalort empor ar yt i t l eev enag ai ns tt het r ueowner .Ev enawr ongf ul Pos ses sorwhoi sdepr i v edofhi sposses si oncanr ec ov eri tf r om anype r son what soev eront hegr oundofhi sposs essi on.Ev ent het r ueowner ,whor e t akes hi sown,mus tfir s tr es t or eposse ssi ont ot hewr ongdoerandt henpr oceedt o se cur eapossess i onont hegr oundofhi sowner shi p. 9)Whyl aw pr ot ect spos ses si on? The r ear emanyr easonsf ort hepr ot e c t i onofposse ssi onReadhe r e→ Reas ons Law pr ot ect sPossessi on

10)Rel evantcas el aw: a)El vesv .Bri ggGasCo.1886Chancer yDi vi si on. Fact : I nt hi scaset hepl ai nt i ffwast heowneroft hel and.Hegav ehi sl andt o de f e ndantCompanyonl easef ort hepur poseofexc av at i onander ec t i onofgas wor kst her eon.Dur i ngt hec our seofexcav at i ononeoft hemanoft he de f e ndant sCompanyf oundapr e hi s t or i cboatbur i ed6f ee tbe l ow t hes ur f ac e. I ssue: I ss uebe f or et heCour twaswhe t hert heboatbe l ongedt ot hel andl or d orl es see .

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Hel d: J.Chi t t yobse r v edt hatt hel andl or dwase nt i t l e dt ot heboatagai ns tt he Companyt houghi twasdi s cov er e dbyt heCompany .I twasobser v edt hati twas i mmat er i alt hatt hel andl or dwasnotawar eoft heexi s t e nc eoft heboat .Hewas i nposs essi onoft hegr oundnotme r e l yoft hes ur f ac e.Henceev er yt hi ngt hat l aybeneat ht hesur f ac edownt ot hec ent eroft heear t hc onsequent l yi n poss essi onoft heboat .I tdi dnotmat t ert hatt hepl ai nt i ffwasnotawar eoft he e xi s t enceoft heboat . b)Sout h St affor dshi r eWat erwor ksCo.V.Sharman,1896. Fact : I nt hei ns t antcasePl ai nt i ffCompanyappoi nt edde f e ndantser vantt o c l eanoutapondupont hei rl andandi ndoi ngsohef oundcer t ai ngol dr i ngat t hebot t om ofi t .Di s put ear os ebe t wee npl ai nt i ffCompanyandt hede f endant se r v antast ot hepos sess i onoft hegol dr i ng. I ssue: Towhom t heGol dr i ngbe l ong? Hel d: Thepl ai nt i ffCompanywasi nfir s tpossess i onoft hegol dr i ngandi snot t hede f endant ,whoac qui r ednot i t l et ot hem.I twasobser ve dt hatt he poss essi onofl andcar r i e swi t hi ti ngener alposses si onofe v er yt hi ngwhi c hi s at t ac hedt oorundert hel and.

11)Concl usi on: Pos sess i oni st hemos tbasi cr e l at i onbe t we enmanandat hi ng . Pos ses si oni spr i maf ac i eapr ooforanevi denceofowne r shi pt her ei snofixed orpr e ci sedefini t i onofposs ess i onbe causei ti sl e galaswe l lf act ualconce pt . Thef oures sent i al sofposses si onar esubj ec tmat t erofposses si on,phy si cal 8

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c ont r ol ,i nt ent i onandknowl edg e .Poss essi oni sni nepoi nt si nl aw andl aw pr ovi desr emedi e st ope r sonhavi ngposse ssi on. Anal yt i c alSc hoolofj ur i s pr udenc e Anal yt i calSchoolofj ur i s pr udence

Di ffe r entappr oac hest ot het r eat me ntofj ur i s pr ude nc ear e r epr ese nt edbyi t sv ar i ousSc hooloft hought s.Anal yt i c alSc hooli soneoft hem .Themaj orpr emi seofanal yt i calSc hoolofj ur i s pr udencei st odealwi t hl aw as i te xi s t si nt hepr esentf or m.I tse e kst oanal ysi st hefir s tpr i nci pl esofl aw as t he yac t ual l yexi s ti nagi v enl e gals ys t em.Thepur poseoft hi sbr anc hofs t udy i st oanal yseanddi ss ec tt hel aw oft hel andasi texi s tt oday .Thi sanal ys i sast o t hepr i nci paloft hel aw i sdonewi t houtr e f e r enc et ot he i r hi s t or i calor i gi onor t he i re t hi calsi gni ficance .Thesuppor t eroft het hi st he or yt r eatl aw asa c ommandgi v enbyt hesov e r ei gn,name l yt hes t at e .TheSc hooli st he r e f or eal s o cal l e dasi mper at i v eSc hool .Theadv ocat esoft hi ss choolar enei t herc oncer ned wi t ht hepas toft hel aw norwi t ht hef ut ur eofi tbutt he yc onfinet hemse l v est o t hes t udyofl aw asi tac t ual l yexi s t s .The ys t udywhatl aw"i s"andwhatnot whatl aw," oughtt obe " .I ti sf ort her easont hatt hi sSc hooli sal sot er medas posi t i v eSc hoolofj ur i s pr udenc e.

Thec hi e fe xpone ntoft heposi t i vi s toranal yt i calSc hooli nEngl andar e 1835Bent ham,Aust i n,Si rWi l l i am Mar kby( 1829t o1914) ,She l donAmos( 1886) ,Hol l and( 18351926)Sal mond(18621924)andPr of essorH.L. A.Har t ( 1907)t heSc hoolr e cei vedencour ag ementi nt heUni t edSt at e sf r om Gr ayand Hohf e l dandont hecont i nentofEur opef r om Ke l senHans ,Kor kunovand ot her s . . . . LegalSt at usofDeadPer son Deadper son -Someonewhoi snol ong eral i v ei scal l edde ad.

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Legalst at usofDeadPer s on: Deadper sonshav enol e galper s onal i t yandhenc e,cannotsueand bes ued.Deadme nar enol ongerper sonsi nt hee yeofl aw.Legalpe r sonal i t yof ape r sondi eswi t hhi sper son.The ydonotr emai nt heowner soft hei rpr oper t y unt i lt hei rs ucc ess or sent e rupont hei ri nher i t ance .Whe naper sondi esl eavi ng Wi l l ,hi spr oper t yi sdi s t r i but edac cor di ngt ot heWi l l .Law r ec ogni sesandt akes ac c ountaf t e rt hedeat hoft hepe r sonofhi sde si r esandi nt er es twhenal i v e . The r ear et hr eet hi ngsi nr es pec tofwhi c ht heanxi e t i esofl i vi ngmene xt end e v enaf t ert he i rdeat h.Thosear ehi sbody ,hi sr eput at i onandhi spr oper t y .

1)Hi sBody: Al i vi ngper s oni si nt er es t edi nt het r eat mentt obegi v ent ohi sownbody .A per soni si nt e r es t edi nadece ntf uner alandgoodbur i al .Cr i mi nall aw se cur esa dec entbur i alf oral ldeadper s onsandt hevi ol at i onofagr av ei sacr i mi nal offence .I ti sbecauset ot her e s pe c tt hef e e l i ngsoft her e l at i v esofadead per son,noti npr ot ec t i onofdeadpe r son' sr i ght . 2)Hi sr eput at i on: Ev er yonei si nt er es t edi nmai nt ai ni ngr eput at i onev enaf t erdeat h.The r eput at i onofadeadper sonr ec ei v ess omedegr eeofpr ot ec t i onf r om t he c r i mi nall aw.Def amat i on s ui tcanbefil edf orl ossofr eput at i onofade ad per son.I ft hepubl i cat i oni sanat t ac kont hei nt er ne tofl i vi ngper sons ,asa mat t e roff ac t ,t hi sr i ghti si nr eal i t ynott hatoft hedeadpe r sonbutofhi s l i vi ngdesc endant s . 3)Hi sPr oper t y/Es t at e: Amani sdeadbuthi shandmayc ont i nuet or egul at eandde t er mi net he 10

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enj oymentoft hepr oper t yheownedwhi l ehewasal i ve .Hecandi s poseofhi s pr oper t ybyWI LL.whenaper sondi esi nt es t at e(di esl i vi ngwi l l )t hepr oper t yi s di s t r i but edac cor di ngt ot heWI LL. Cas el aw: Wi l l i am Vs.Wi l l i am 33Bombay122. I nt hi scase ,c our the l dt hataper sondur i nghi sl i f e t i mecannotmakeaWi l l , di s posi ngofhi sbody .e . g.gi vi nghi sbr ai n,bonese t ct ot hemuseum orgi vi ng anypar tofhi sde adbodyt ot heme di calcol l ege .Butt het r endc hangedt oday andi ti sl eg alt odonat eone' sey esofpar tofhi sbodyaf t e rhi sdeat h.

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