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Earth Science, 14e (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 16 The Atmosphere: Composition, Structure, and Temperature 1) The main difference between weather and climate is that ________. A) climate is the daily variations that actually occur at a location and weather is the general pattern of climate over time B) weather is the daily variations that actually occur at a location and climate is the general pattern of weather over time C) climate is the regional pattern based on latitude and humidity while weather is the daily pattern based on season. D) weather is the regional pattern based on latitude and humidity while climate is the daily pattern based on season. E) climate is a political opinion while weather is reality. Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.1 Focus on the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Which of the following is not an element that influences weather? A) humidity B) clouds C) wind D) longitude E) temperature Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.1 Focus on the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The United States spans ________. A) from the tropics to temperate zones B) from the tropics to the arctic C) from the temperate zone to the arctic D) the middle latitudes E) the entire range of the Northern Hemisphere Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.1 Focus on the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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4) Air may best be described as ________. A) an element B) a compound C) a mixture D) none of these Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Which one of the following are the three most abundant gases in the dry atmosphere? A) oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide B) argon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen C) carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen D) nitrogen, oxygen, argon Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Which of the following gases is an efficient absorber of the earth's emitted energy? A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) argon D) nitrogen E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Latent heat that is the energy source for many storms can be transported by ________. A) water vapor B) carbon dioxide C) ozone D) dust E) aerosols Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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8) Ozone filters out most of the ________ radiation in sunlight. A) infrared B) gamma C) ultraviolet D) microwave Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Ozone is concentrated in the ________. A) troposphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) ionosphere Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Why is ozone concentrated in a particular range of levels in the atmosphere? A) It requires a unique temperature and light level which occur at that range in the atmosphere. B) It is formed from air pollution that reaches that level in sufficient quantities to form ozone. C) It requires a catalyst, an isolated oxygen atom, and an oxygen molecule, all of which occur in sufficient quantities at that range of levels. D) It reflects light back into space at that level, and the energy from that reaction fuels the formation of ozone. Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Ozone is important to humans because it ________. A) absorbs infrared radiation which is harmful to humans B) absorbs ultraviolet radiation with is harmful to humans C) is a pollutant that is harmful to humans D) reflects solar rays that would cause global warming E) passes solar rays that would maintain our present climate range Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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12) The major risk to humans from the depletion of ozone is the increase in ________. A) deaths due to skin cancer B) chlorine in the atmosphere, which is poisonous to most humans C) deaths due to lung cancer D) CO2 from plant production E) cataracts and damage to the immune systems Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) The Montreal Protocol is a UN agreement that is intended to ________. A) reduce ozone in the atmosphere B) reduce CFCs in the atmosphere C) reduce CO2 in the atmosphere D) make everyone feel good about the environment without really fixing anything E) reduce air pollution globally Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the ________. A) troposphere B) mesosphere C) stratosphere D) ionosphere Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) The normal lapse rate in the troposphere is about ________ per kilometer. A) 3.5°C B) 6.5°C C) 1.5°C D) 9.5°C Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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16) Where is the top of the atmosphere? A) 21 km above sea level B) 32 km above sea level C) 100 km above sea level D) There is no defined upper limit to the atmosphere. Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) As you go up in elevation, the atmospheric pressure ________. A) decreases B) increases C) stays constant D) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) One half of the atmosphere is below ________. A) 1 km (0.6 miles) B) 3.5 km (2.1 miles) C) 5.6 km (3.5 miles) D) 7.2 km (4.3 miles) E) 10 km (6 miles) Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) As you go up in elevation, the temperature ________. A) decreases B) increases C) stays constant D) It depends on what atmospheric layer you are in. E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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20) Important weather phenomena typically occurs in the ________. A) stratosphere B) troposphere C) thermosphere D) mesosphere E) all of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) In the outer most layer of the atmosphere, gas molecules can have a temperature of 1000°C because ________. A) that is the temperature of an object that is entering the earth's atmosphere at a high speed B) that is the temperature of the solar radiation C) that is the speed of the individual molecules D) there is no filter to keep the sun from heating the outer atmosphere E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) On the AVERAGE, for every 1 km increase in altitude in the troposphere, the air temperature ________. A) drops about 6.5°C B) rises about 6.5°C C) remains constant D) rises only during the day Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 23) The tropopause is the boundary between ________. A) the troposphere and stratosphere B) tropical and polar air masses C) the troposphere and mesosphere D) two layers of high ozone concentration Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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24) Solar rays will strike the Tropic of Capricorn at an angle of 90 degrees on ________. A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) The fall equinox in the Southern Hemisphere occurs on this date. A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) What causes ocean currents? A) density differences in the oceans B) temperature differences in the oceans C) unequal heating of the earth D) winds E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) What causes seasons? A) the elliptical orbit of the earth B) the changing tilt angle of the earth C) differences in the amount of daylight D) seasonal changes in the angle of the sun above the horizon E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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28) How is the earth's rotation axis oriented relative to the revolution orbit? A) It changes with time so that it is perpendicular in June and December. B) It is fixed and always points toward the North Star regardless of season. C) It varies somewhat randomly over small angles, less than 23.5 degrees. D) We don't really know how much it varies because we have not been able to make observations from space for more than about 60 years. Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The angle of the noon sun varies by ________ degrees each year. A) 15 B) 23.5 C) 47 D) 73.5 E) It is different in different places. Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) The north end of Earth's axis is tilted 23.5 degrees toward the Sun on ________. A) December 21 or 22 B) March 21 or 22 C) June 21 or 22 D) September 22 or 23 E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Which one of the following statements is true about the equinoxes? A) They occur in June and December. B) The Sun's vertical rays are striking either the Tropic of Cancer or the Tropic of Capricorn. C) Days and nights are equal in length everywhere. D) The length of daylight at the Arctic and Antarctic Circles is 24 hours. Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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32) On this date the length of daylight gets progressively longer going south from the equator. A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) The North Pole has a higher noon Sun angle than New York City on this date. A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) none of these Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) The 90° angle solar rays are striking the Tropic of Cancer on ________. A) June 21 B) March 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) The differences in summer and winter temperatures are greatest for locations ________. A) near the equator B) near the tropic of Cancer or Capricorn C) near 60 degrees north or south latitude D) near the Poles E) The location does not affect the range of temperatures. Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.4 Earth-Sun Relationships Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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36) Which of the following is not a mechanism for heat transfer? A) conduction B) contraction C) radiation D) convection E) They are all mechanisms for heat transfer. Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) Heat flows ________. A) from hot to cold B) from cold to hot C) in both directions D) in neither direction Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) The least significant form of heat transfer in the atmosphere is ________. A) contraction B) convection C) radiation D) conduction Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) The heat transfer mechanism that requires the movement of material is ________. A) radiation B) convection C) conduction D) contraction Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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40) Which mechanism for heat transfer can operate in a vacuum? A) contraction B) conduction C) radiation D) convection Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 41) The wavelength or the distance from peak to peak of energy waves is a characteristic of ________. A) conduction B) convection C) contraction D) radiation Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) The longest wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum are ________. A) gamma B) ultraviolet C) radio D) infrared Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Earth receives energy from the Sun in this way. A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) all of these Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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44) Which of the following is not something that happens to incoming radiation? A) heated B) reflected C) absorbed D) transmitted Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.6 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) On the average, how much of the Sun's energy that is intercepted by Earth is reflected back to space? A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40% Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.6 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) Diffused light is caused by ________. A) solar radiation striking surface water at a low angle B) scattering of solar radiation by dust particles and gas molecules C) scattering of solar radiation by water molecules D) solar radiation striking an irregular surface and being partially absorbed E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.6 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Which of the following is the poorest absorber of solar radiation? A) oxygen B) water vapor C) nitrogen D) ozone Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.6 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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48) The atmosphere acquires most of its energy from ________. A) solar radiation B) the Earth's surface C) water vapor D) wind Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.6 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 49) The major absorber of terrestrial radiation is ________. A) oxygen B) ozone C) water vapor D) carbon Dioxide E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.6 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) One reason the temperature decreases with increasing altitude in the troposphere is ________. A) molecular spacing increases with increasing altitude B) the water vapor in the troposphere is heated by terrestrial radiation C) the solar radiation is absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere D) the chemical reaction that forms ozone gives off heat and ozone increases in concentration toward the upper troposphere Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.6 Heating the Atmosphere Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 51) The daily mean temperature is determined by ________. A) summing the temperature measured every hour and dividing by 24 B) measuring the temperature at noon C) summing the maximum and minimum temperatures daily and dividing by 2 D) summing the digital samples of temperature in several places at different times of day and averaging those samples E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.7 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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52) Isotherms, lines of equal temperature, are commonly used to ________. A) compare temperatures in different regions B) compare temperature variations in different regions C) compare temperatures over a large area D) compare temperature variations over a large area E) show how temperature changes with time Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.7 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 53) If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26°C and the minimum temperature is 14°C, the daily mean would be ________. A) 40°C B) 20°C C) 12°C D) 13°C Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.7 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 54) Two cities are located at the same latitude (40°). City A is in the Southern Hemisphere and City B is in the Northern Hemisphere. Assume the two cities reflect the general characteristics of the hemispheres where they are located. Which city should have the largest annual temperature range? A) City A B) City B C) Both cities should have nearly identical temperatures. D) More information is required to answer the question. Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.7 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 55) A place located along a windward coast will probably have ________. A) warmer summer temperatures than an inland location at the same latitude B) cooler summer temperatures than an inland location at the same latitude C) summer temperatures that are very similar to an inland location at the same latitude D) none of these Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.7 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis

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56) Two cities are located at the same latitude (40°). City A is in the Southern Hemisphere and City B is in the Northern Hemisphere. Assume the two cities reflect the general characteristics of the hemispheres where they are located. Which city should have the warmest winter temperatures? A) City A B) City B C) Both cities should have nearly identical winter temperatures. D) More information is required to answer the question. Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.7 For the Record: Air Temperature Data Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis 57) The variations in temperature are less extreme in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere because ________. A) all of the cold air in the Southern Hemisphere is concentrated over Antarctica, but there is not a large land mass at the north pole B) there is more land in the Southern Hemisphere C) there is more water in the Southern Hemisphere D) the hole in the ozone allows more solar radiation to warm the Southern Hemisphere E) the Northern Hemisphere is more mountainous Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: 16.8 Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) Land heats and cools more than water because ________. A) water gives off its heat in the form of warm water vapor with less efficiency than land B) land is opaque so only the surface is heated C) it takes more energy to heat land than to heat water but land retains the heat better D) there is more water surfaces than land so the heat is spread out more efficiently in water bodies Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: 16.8 Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension

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59) Clouds can decrease the range of daily temperatures because ________. A) the clouds reflect solar radiation back into space during the day B) the clouds diffuse the solar radiation so it is spread out over a larger area C) the water vapor absorbs the heat from the earth and sends reflects it back to the ground maintaining a uniform ground temperature during the day D) the clouds store heat and that helps to maintain a uniform temperature at night and during the day Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: 16.8 Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature Bloom's ...