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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal? A) pancreas B) spleen C) esophagus 2) What is the first process to occur in the digestive system? A) absorption B) ingestion C) defecation

1) D) liver 2) D) peristalsis

3) Which of the following is NOT a major job of the digestive system? A) fluid and electrolyte homeostasis B) manufacturing blood cells C) ingestion of vitamins and minerals D) acid-base homeostasis

3)

4) Absorption is best described as the: A) movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal. B) passage of foods and liquids from one digestive organ to the next. C) elimination of feces and some metabolic wastes. D) reactions that break chemical bonds of food particles.

4)

5) Damage to the enteric nervous system that innervates the digestive organs could affect: A) salivation. B) mastication. C) deglutition. D) motility.

5)

6) The sympathetic nervous system: A) stimulates digestive processes. B) is the primary regulator of digestive processes. C) inhibits digestive processes. D) has no effect on digestive processes.

6)

7) From deep (innermost) to superficial (outermost), the layers of the organs of the alimentary canal are: 1. mucosa 2. muscularis externa 3. serosa (adventitia) 4. submucosa A) 3, 2, 4, 1 B) 1, 4, 3, 2 C) 1, 2, 4, 3 D) 1, 4, 2, 3

7)

8) Jerry had an ulcer affecting the innermost epithelium of the stomach facing the lumen. Which layer of the alimentary canal was ulcerated? A) submucosa B) muscularis externa C) serosa (adventitia) D) mucosa

8)

9) A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would: A) increase gastric secretion. B) decrease the motility of muscularis externa. C) increase the motility of muscularis externa. D) decrease gastric secretion.

9)

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10) What creates the mesentery? A) greater omentum C) parietal peritoneum

10) B) muscularis externa D) visceral peritoneum

11) Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains: A) thoracic cardiovascular organs. B) thoracic digestive organs. C) abdominal reproductive organs. D) abdominal digestive organs.

11)

12) Which of the following is NOT a process occurring in the oral cavity? A) propulsion B) segmentation C) ingestion D) chemical digestion

12)

13) What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity? A) labial frenulum and lingual frenulum B) extrinsic and intrinsic muscles C) hard palate and soft palate D) periodontal ligament

13)

14) The portion of a tooth that is visible above the gum line is known as the: A) root. B) pulp. C) cementum.

14) D) crown.

15) The crown of a tooth is covered by: A) dentin. B) enamel.

C) cementum.

D) pulp.

16) Which tongue papillae lack taste buds? A) filiform B) fungiform

C) circumvallate

D) foliate

15)

16)

17) Rolita had the mumps as a child and experienced swelling in the parotid glands. What do these glands secrete? A) tears B) oil C) sweat D) saliva

17)

18) Which nervous system primarily controls and increases salivation? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system C) enteric nervous system D) submucosal nervous system

18)

19) Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's white blood cells attack and destroy exocrine glands, specifically the salivary glands. What could a patient with this syndrome expect? A) increased production of salivary amylase B) increased risk of dental cavities, or caries C) impaction of the wisdom teeth D) increased saliva production

19)

20) Which of the following catalyzes carbohydrates in the mouth? A) lysozyme B) salivary amylase C) bicarbonate ions D) secretory IgA

20)

21) What is the main job of the pharynx? A) mechanical digestion C) propulsion

21) B) absorption D) secretion

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22) The first sphincter encountered in the alimentary canal is the: A) gastroesophageal sphincter. B) ileocecal sphincter. C) upper esophageal sphincter. D) pyloric sphincter.

22)

23) What region of the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle only? A) middle third of the esophagus B) entire length of the esophagus C) superior third of the esophagus D) inferior third of the esophagus

23)

24) Mary's stroke left her unable to swallow. What specialized type of propulsion was affected? A) deglutition B) segmentation C) salivation D) mastication

24)

25) What region of the stomach does food first enter after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter? A) fundus B) pylorus C) cardia D) body

25)

26) What controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the duodenum region of the small intestine? A) ileocecal valve B) gastroesophageal sphincter C) pyloric sphincter D) lower esophageal sphincter

26)

27) What is released by the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells of the gastric glands? A) pepsinogen B) hydrochloric acid (HCl) C) intrinsic factor D) gastrin

27)

28) Chief cells release: A) intrinsic factor.

28) B) mucus.

C) pepsinogen.

D) gastrin.

29) Which cells release hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach? A) diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells B) chief cells C) parietal cells D) mucous neck cells 30) The conversion of pepsinogen into the active form, pepsin, requires: A) alkaline mucus. B) vitamin B12. C) intrinsic factor.

29)

30) D) an acidic pH.

31) Proton-pump inhibitors are drugs that block the secretions of gastric acids. Which cells are affected by these drugs? A) diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells B) mucous neck cells C) chief cells D) parietal cells

31)

32) Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach? A) digestion B) absorption C) secretion

32) D) propulsion

33) Which of the following is NOT an effect of the vagus nerve on the stomach's activities? A) stimulation of gastric secretion B) stimulation of histamine secretion C) stimulation of somatostatin secretion D) stimulation of hydrogen ion release

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33)

34) Which cranial nerve stimulates acid secretion during the stomach's gastric phase? A) glossopharyngeal nerve B) hypoglossal nerve C) vagus nerve D) accessory nerve

34)

35) Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach? A) gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP) B) somatostatin C) secretin D) gastrin

35)

36) The digestion of which food group may be affected by an inadequate amount of stomach acid? A) steroids B) proteins C) starches D) lipids

36)

37) What is accomplished by the enterogastric reflex? A) The enterogastric reflex stimulates hydrogen ion release by the stomach. B) The enterogastric reflex stimulates intestinal gastrin release. C) The enterogastric reflex decreases vagal activity and acid secretion by the stomach. D) The enterogastric reflex stimulates histamine secretion by the stomach.

37)

38) What does the gastric pacemaker regulate? A) acid production by the stomach C) hormone secretion by the stomach

38) B) churning and peristalsis of the stomach D) protein digestion by the stomach

39) What is the primary effect of gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)? A) GIP stimulates gastric motility. B) GIP inhibits acid secretion from parietal cells. C) GIP stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells. D) GIP causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile. 40) Which segment of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach? C) duodenum A) ileum B) jejunum 41) What is the final segment of the small intestine? A) ileum B) jejunum

39)

40) D) cecum 41)

C) duodenum

D) pylorus

42) What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine? A) circular folds B) gastroesophageal sphincter C) ileocecal valve D) pyloric sphincter

42)

43) Which of the following does NOT increase surface area in the small intestine? A) villi B) circular folds C) microvilli D) rugae

43)

44) Which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination? A) microvilli B) plicae circulares C) villi D) circular folds

44)

45) Which process, known as intestinal churning, involves a squeezing motion of the circular layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine? A) deglutition B) defecation C) peristalsis D) segmentation

45)

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46) Which nervous system controls the migrating motor complex of the small intestine? A) central nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) enteric nervous system D) sympathetic nervous system

46)

47) The first portion of the large intestine is the: A) ascending colon. C) transverse colon.

47) B) rectum. D) cecum.

48) At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the: A) transverse colon. C) ascending colon.

B) sigmoid colon. D) descending colon.

48)

49) What creates the taeniae coli? A) oblique layer of the muscularis externa B) serosa C) longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa D) circular layer of the muscularis externa

49)

50) What is NOT a major function of the normal flora of the large intestine? A) produce vitamins B) inhibit the immune system C) metabolize undigested wastes D) deter the growth of harmful bacteria

50)

51) Which of the following operates voluntarily and is controlled by the cerebral cortex? A) internal anal sphincter B) pyloric sphincter C) external anal sphincter D) ileocecal valve

51)

52) The final process to occur in the alimentary canal is: A) secretion. B) segmentation.

52) C) absorption.

D) defecation.

53) Peristaltic contractions that propel the contents of the colon toward the distal large intestine are: A) haustral contractions. B) mass movements. C) defecation. D) segmentation.

53)

54) What stimulus initiates the defecation reflex? A) release of secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) by the small intestine B) presence of acid in the stomach C) the stretch of the rectum D) pressure on the gastroesophageal sphincter

54)

55) What can we consciously control about the defecation reflex? A) relaxation of the external anal sphincter B) mass movements (or, mass peristalsis) C) relaxation of the internal anal sphincter D) degree to which the rectum stretches

55)

56) The pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for the: A) duodenum. B) liver. C) gallbladder. D) stomach.

56)

57) Acinar cells of the pancreas release: A) insulin. C) cholecystokinin.

57) B) pancreatic juice. D) glucagon.

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58) Which hormone stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes? A) glucagon B) insulin C) secretin D) cholecystokinin (CCK)

58)

59) The gallbladder is located on the posterior side of the: A) stomach. B) liver. C) spleen.

59) D) pancreas.

60) The falciform ligament separates the: A) quadrate and right lobes of the liver. C) caudate and quadrate lobes of the liver.

B) right and left lobes of the liver. D) liver from the gallbladder.

60)

61) What cells compose the liver lobules? A) acinar cells B) hepatocytes

C) parietal cells

61) D) chief cells

62) What liver secretion is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum? B) cholecystokinin (CCK) A) bile C) pancreatic juice D) secretin

62)

63) Damaged hepatocytes will impair: A) carbohydrate digestion. C) the defecation reflex.

63) B) protein digestion. D) bile production.

64) The removal of the gallbladder will affect: A) bile storage. C) motility of the stomach.

B) carbohydrate digestion. D) bile production.

65) Which of the following does NOT transport bile? A) accessory pancreatic duct C) common bile duct

B) cystic duct D) common hepatic duct

64)

65)

66) Gallstones may block the flow of bile from the gallbladder by becoming lodged in the: A) accessory pancreatic duct. B) hepatic portal vein. C) cystic duct. D) common hepatic duct.

66)

67) What is the most potent stimulus for a positive feedback loop that results in the release of bile by the liver? A) bile salt re-entry into the liver B) secretin C) cholecystokinin (CCK) D) vagus nerve

67)

68) What best exemplifies enzymatic hydrolysis? A) nutrient breakdown C) segmentation

68) B) mastication D) absorption

69) What enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carbohydrate digestion? A) pepsin B) pancreatic amylase C) trypsin D) salivary amylase 70) Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose? A) lactase B) maltase C) lipase

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69)

70) D) sucrase

71) Cherise is lactose-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called: A) maltase. B) galactose. C) sucrase. D) lactase.

71)

72) How is fructose absorbed across the apical enterocyte membrane? A) Na+/K + pump B) facilitated diffusion C) Na+ /glucose cotransporter D) endocytosis

72)

73) Since her stomach was removed, Mrs. Lopez has the most difficulty initiating digestion of: A) proteins. B) monosaccharides. C) oligosaccharides. D) lipids.

73)

74) Emulsification requires: A) enzymes.

74) C) bile salts.

B) stercobilin.

D) nuclease.

75) Ben had most of his stomach removed in an attempt for drastic weight loss. He is at the greatest risk for: A) lactose intolerance. B) gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). C) pernicious anemia. D) dehydration.

75)

76) In which organ is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile? A) cecum B) stomach C) duodenum

76) D) esophagus

77) Which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins? A) spleen B) large intestine C) stomach D) pancreas

77)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 78) The digestive system is regulated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems.

78)

79) The mucosa of the alimentary canal from esophagus to anus is composed of simple columnar epithelium.

79)

80) The teeth are involved in mechanical digestion as they are the major organs of mastication.

80)

81) Salivation is primarily controlled by nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system which release acetylcholine onto the acinar cells of the salivary glands.

81)

82) Of the three regions of the pharynx, only the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx are part of the alimentary canal.

82)

83) The stomach differs anatomically from other organs of the alimentary canal because it has an additional oblique layer of muscularis externa for churning.

83)

84) Gastrin increases hydrogen ion secretion by the stomach.

84)

85) Secretin, gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP), somatostatin, and the enterogastric reflex increase acid secretion by the stomach.

85)

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86) Julie smelled cake baking in the oven, triggering the gastric phase of stomach regulation. 87) From large to small, the types of folds associated with the small intestine are circular folds, villi, and microvilli.

86) 87)

88) The vagus nerve appears to regulate both peristalsis and segmentation in the small intestine.

88)

89) The terminal portion of the large intestine is the rectum.

89)

90) The internal anal sphincter is controlled involuntarily while the external anal sphincter is controlled voluntarily.

90)

91) Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin are produced by the duodenum to target the acinar cells of the pancreas.

91)

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following hormones with the correct description. 92) Hormone released by the duodenum in response to acids and lipids in the duodenum

A) somatostatin

93) Hormone released by the duodenum in response to lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum

C) gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP)

94) Hormone produced by a diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cell of the stomach to inhibit acid secretion by the stomach

92)

B) cholecystokinin (CCK) 93)

D) gastrin E) secretin

95) Hormone produced by a diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cell of the stomach called a G cell

94)

95)

96) Hormone produced by the duodenum to reduce acid secretion by the stomach

96)

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Match the following organ with the correct description. 97) The enzyme salivary amylase catalyzes the reactions that break polysaccharides into oligosaccharides in this organ

A) small intestine

97)

B) liver C) stomach

98) The enzyme pepsin catalyzes reactions that digest proteins in this organ 99) Lipids are assembled into triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons within enterocytes of this organ

98) D) mouth E) pancreas 99)

100) The hepatic portal vein takes the breakdown products of nucleic acids to this organ for metabolism

100)

101) Inactive precursors to enzymes are released by this organ to catalyze reactions that digest proteins in the small intestine

101)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 102) List the six basic processes carried out by the digestive system. 103) A patient in the emergency department sustained a knife wound to the abdomen. The wound extended through the membranes surrounding the large intestine, into the layers of the large intestine, and into the lumen of the large intestine. Discuss the membranes and layers that were penetrated, from superficial (outermost) to deep (innermost). 104) List the three types of teeth and explain the specialized roles of each type of tooth in mastication. 105) Carolina learned she had a salivary stone blocking the submandibular duct connecting her submandibular gland to the oral cavity. Determine the impact of this blockage on saliva production and chemical digestion in the mouth. 106) Explain how changes in position of the glottis and larynx during swallowing (deglutition) prevent the aspiration of food into the larynx. 107) List and describe the five anatomical regions of the stomach. 108) Discuss the four main types of cells found in gastric glands and indicate their secretions. 109) Explain the role of the vagus nerve during the cephalic phase.