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Please provide your answer for the following questions. Include as much details, supportive evidence and explanations as possible in your answers. When you give an answer to a question, your primary sources should be the power points provided, class discussions or your textbooks. All answers can be easily search in your power points and textbooks. Therefore, you do not need an additional source to answer the questions. Any outside material should be used to elaborate a point or to add a specific detail.

1. Define positive and negative feedback loop. Give an example for each. a. negative feedback is a reaction that is caused by a decreased function. This often causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize the system. This is known as homeostasis. b. Positive feedback loops amplify the changes and tends to throw the system out of balance away from homeostasis leading it to be more unstable. c. Examples i. Negative loop- How human body relates to its own temperature(homeostasis) ii. Positive loop- An initial cooling of earth meaning solar radiation is reflected away from earth. 2. How do you define a tissue? What is histology? a. Tissues are a group of cells in similar structure and often act as a group to perform their functions. The word tissue originates from the old French verb meaning “to weave”. There are primarily four types of tissues. The first is connective. This tissue connects tissues and sometimes separates them. This tissue is made up of cells and ground substance. Most connective tissue, including lymph and blood, contain fibers. Fiber can be collagenous and can bind tissues to bones. They can also be elastic and allow organs to move for example the heart and lungs. The fibers may also be reticular which allows them to be able to support cells. The second type is muscle tissue. This tissue mainly functions as a way for movement. Muscles are the only tissues that are able to contract and be able to move other body parts. Not only is the muscular system able to do this the muscular system. The next type of tissue is the nervous tissue. This tissue is the tissue for the brain and nervous system. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. This tissue is made of neurons and neuroglia. the next and final type of tissue is the epithelial. This tissue line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. The epithelial tissue protects organs and also plays a role in absorbing water and nutrients, removing wastes, and releasing enzymes and hormones. b. Histology is the study of tissues. This study focuses on the structures of cells and tissues. The study is often conducted by examining a thin slice of tissue under a microscope. Histology is often used to examine and understand their physiological and anatomical functions. 3. Define the term anatomy. What does gross anatomy cover? How is that different from organ physiology? a. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another. There are generally two subdivisions of anatomy. There is gross or macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of large, visible structures. Evolutionary and archaeology biology uses gross anatomy to study. Evolutionary and archeology biology often use evidence from fossil records to establish

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relationships with extinct animals. Different species and fossils can be compared using comparative anatomy, which recognizes similarities between specimens. Organ physiology is different because it focuses on how the organ itself functions alongside the rest of the body whereas gross anatomy looks at what the naked eye can see. What is the meaning of proximal and distal? Give an example for each. a. Proximal closer to the origin of the body part or the part of the attachment of the limb to the body trunk. For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist. b. Distal is farther from the origin of the body part or the part of the attachment of the limb to the body trunk. For example, The knee is distal to the thigh. What is a serous membrane? What is its main function in the body? What is the difference between visceral and parietal serous membrane? Give an example using the heart and the lungs. a. The serous membrane is a single layer of flattened mesothelial cells that is added to a thin layer of collagenous tissue that attaches to underlining endothoracic or transversalis fascia. The membrane forms a smooth and transparent, double layered membrane lubricant by a fluid from serum. The peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are serous membranes. The peritoneum cavity is found within the abdominal and pelvic cavities . Connecting this forms the mesentery and ligament. The pleura is two pleural cavities and are formed inside the thoracic cavity. By connecting this, forms the pulmonary ligament. The pericardial cavity is found within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity and is also known as the epicardium. the parietal layer lines the walls of the body cavity while the visceral layer covers the organs. The parietal and visceral layers are thin and filled with fluid in the serous cavity. This helps the organs be able to churn and move without becoming damaged. How is an atomic weight different from an atomic mass? Give an example. a. Mass number is the weight of the nucleus of an atom. The mass number is written on the upper left hand corner of the element on the periodic table. Mass number doesn’t take consideration of isotopes because it relates to the individual atom itself. The mass number is often simplified without decimals. The mass is generally easier to use and understand. The atomic mass is the average weight of the elemental form. the atomic weight of the elemental form is generally the average and unlike the atomic mass, it takes isotopes into consideration. The atomic weight is useful when it comes to performing scientific calculations. For example, Carbon- 12 has an exact mass of 12 amu, and the atomic weight is 14. The mass has equal protons and neutrons and the weight has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. What is the difference between plural and pericardial body cavity? a. The pleura has two pleural cavities and are formed inside the thoracic cavity. By connecting this, forms the pulmonary ligament. The pericardial cavity is found within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity and is also known as the epicardium. the parietal layer lines the walls of the body cavity while the visceral layer covers the organs Identify the following anatomical body regions a) Axillary a. Axillary region is the armpit b) Cubital a. The Cubital is of the forearm or the Elbow. c) Hallux

a. The Hallux is the innermost digit of the foot. d) Pollex a. The Pollex is the innermost digit of the hand, otherwise known as a thumb. e) Sternal a. The Sternal is the breastbone. It is a long flat bone located in the center of the ribcage. It connects the ribs with cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage. f) Phalanges a. The Phalanges are the digital bones in the hands and feet g) Calcaneal a. From the latin word calcaneus or calcaneum,the Calcaneal bone is the heel of the foot. h) Acromial a. Acromial area is the tip of the shoulder i) Thoracic a. Thoracic is related to, located in, or deals with the thorax. The Thoracic cavity is the area that is above the diaphragm. This area is bounded by the wall of the chest and contains the heart and lungs. j) Mental a. Coming from the latin word, mentum, the Mental pertains to the chin. k) Otic a. The otic region is of relating to the ear. l) Brachial a. The entire arm is referred as the brachial m) Antecubital a. The Antecubital is the inner part of the elbow. n) Peroneal a. The peroneal pertains to the outer part of the calf of the leg. The word Peroneal comes from the Greek word for fibula, perone. o) Iliac region a. Of the nine regions of the abdominal area, the iliac region is the lower left and right regions. p) Hypogastric region a. The body is separated in 9 regions and the lower region below the umbilical is known as the hypogastric region. q) Hypochondral region a. The body’s abdomen is separated in 9 regions. The upper left and right portion is the hypochondriac region. 9. Define the following directional terminologies a) Proximal a. This term is only used when describing points on the same limb such as the arm or leg. Proximal is closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. For example, the knee is distal to the ankle. b) Distal

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a. The term, like proximal, is only used when describing points on the same limb. Distal is farther from the origin of the body or point of attachment of a limb to the body. For example, the wrist is distal to the elbow. Superficial a. Superficial is toward or at the body’s surface. Medial a. Medial is closer to the midline of the body,on the inner side of the body. The midline is like an imaginary line that cuts through the body vertically. For example, the navel is medial to the arm. Dorsal a. Dorsal, often known as posterior, refers to the backside of the subject. For example, the shoulder blades are located on the dorsal side of the body. Cephalic a. Pertaining to the head Posterior a. Posterior means back of the body or dorsal. For example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body. Anterior a. Anterior means front of the body or ventral. For example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg. Caudal a. Caudal, also known as inferior, refers to when the point is away from the head and/or lower. Superior a. Superior means above or towards the head. The heart is superior to the navel.

10. What is a chemical formula? What about a chemical equation? a. In Chemistry, chemicals have formulas that express the number and type of molecules present in a molecule. The type of atom is given using elemental symbols. the number of atoms is indicated by using a subscript after the elemental symbol. For Example, H2O is the chemical formula of water. H, symbolizing the molecule Hydrogen, and the subscript following indicates there are two molecules of the element. O symbolizes the molecule Oxygen. There are many types of Chemical Formulas, including: molecular, empirical, structure, and condensed chemical formulas. Molecular Formula is the formula that is mostly used. It is also known as the “True Formula” and states the true number of atoms of elements in a molecule. An example of this is C6H12O6. Empirical Formulas are the simplest ratio for the whole number of elements in a compound. An example of this is the empirical formula for glucose. The chemical formula is C6H12O6 and the empirical formula is a simplified version and converts C6H12O6 to CH2O. This happens by dividing all the subscripts by the common value and in this case it is 6.

Structural Formula shows the chemical bonds. This formula shows the geometric representation of atoms in a molecule of a compound. Some show the two dimensional arrangement and others show the three dimensional arrangement. Condensed Formula is a formula of a molecule where the symbols of atoms are listed in the order they appear in the molecules structure. An example of this is CH3(CH2)4CH3. This is the condensed formula of hexane. When written as a molecular formula is C6H14. Chemical equations are the symbolic representation of chemical reactions in the form of symbols and formulas. The reactant is given on the left hand side and the product is on the right hand side. For example, N2+H2-->NH3, is a chemical equation. 11. Define sagittal, coronal and transverse section. a. The coronal plane, also known as the frontal plane, is a vertical plane that runs from side to side and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. The sagittal plane, also referred to as the lateral plane, is the plane that runs from front to back and divides the body into left and right portions. The transverse plane, also known as the axial lane, is the plane in which the body is divided in upper and lower portions. 12. What is a Molarity of a solution? What is the formula to calculate molarity given a mass of the solute and volume of solvent in milliliters? a. Molarity is the the number of moles of the substance per liter of liquid. Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute (n) divided by the volume (V) of the solution in liters. It is important to note that the molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution, not moles of solute per liter of solvent. 13. If you are given an anatomic number in a question, would you be able to calculate the valence number of an atom? a. yes, you would be able to. 14. How do you define metabolism? a. metabolism is the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. 15. What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? a. Kinetic energy is the energy in motion and potential energy is the stored or inactive energy. Energy can be released, resulting in action. 16. Give an example for each three types of chemical bonds covered in class. a. Ionic bonds - ionic bonds are also known as atomic bonds. These bonds are usually made between two differently charged ions. The bond is usually between a metal and non-metals. Ionic bonds are also able melt at high heat. They are able to dissolve in water, this makes ionic bonds are aqueous and can conduct. An example of this bond is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Silver Chloride (AgCl), and Silver Nitrate (AgNO3). b. Covalent bonds- Covalent bonds are also referred to as molecular bonds. They are chemical bonds that involve sharing electron pairs within atoms. Covalent bonding allows atoms to achieve a full outer shell and lead to greater stability. Examples of this is, water (H2O), Methane molecule (CH4),and Carbon dioxide (CO2)

c. hydrogen bonds- These bonds often occur when hydrogen atoms undergo dipole-dipole attraction to an electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds often occur between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. Hydrogen bonds can sometimes bond intramolecularly. Examples of this bonds include: water (H2O), chloroform (CHCl3), ammonia (NH3), and acetylacetone (C5H8O2) 17. Given the following disease condition, identify the failure of an organ-system which lead to the pathology (disease condition). a) Aplastic anemia a. Aplastic anemia develops as a result of bone marrow damage. Red bone marrow makes red and white blood cells in a process known as hematopoiesis. Red bone marrow is found in the hollow space inside of the medullary cavity. Children tend to have more red bone marrow compared to their body size than adults do, because because of children’s constant growth. The amount of red bone marrow drops off at the end of puberty and is replaced by yellow bone marrow. Because of this, the failure of the skeletal system is the cause of this illness. b) respiratory acidosis a. Respiratory acidosis happens when the lungs can't remove enough of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the body. the excess CO2 causes the pH of blood and other bodily fluids to decrease, making them too acidic. The fail of the respiratory system is the cause of this illness. c) Gravis disease a. Myasthenia gravis is weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles under your voluntary control. Myasthenia gravis is caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles. This is caused by failure of both the nervous and muscular systems. d) Myasthenia Gravis a. Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are responsible for breathing and moving parts of the body, including the arms and legs. This is caused by failure of the nervous system. e) Diabetes Mellites a. Diabetes Melliites is a chronic diseases that affect the way your body regulates blood sugar, or glucose. People with type 2 diabetes don't respond to insulin as well as they should and later in the disease often don't make enough insulin. This is a result of the failure of the urinary system. Questions associated with Lab 1.

Write the function of the following parts of the microscope a) Iris diaphragm i) the rotating disk under the stage 4x 10x 40x 100x b) Condenser

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lens mounted Below the stage

c) Objective lenses (scanning, low power, high power and oil immersion) i)

lenses with different magnification

d) Course adjustment knob e) Fine adjustment knob i) f)

small knob to produce small changes in focus

Ocular lens i)

eyepiece

g) Mechanical stage i)

flat surface which slides are placed

h) Light control know i) i)

Condenser knob i)

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shines light through the sample

adjust the height of condenser

ocular lens...