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Draft GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINING BUFFER AROUND WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD PARIVESH BHAWAN, EAST ARJUN NAGAR, SHAHDARA DELHI: 110032 www.cpcb.nic.in

Table of Contents 1.

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1

Background ................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2

Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 4

1.3

Legal Frame work: ......................................................................................................................... 4

1.4

Purpose of Buffer Zones................................................................................................................ 7

1.5

Current Scenario ........................................................................................................................... 7

2.

Approach .............................................................................................................................................. 9

3.

Processing Facility............................................................................................................................. 10

4.

3.1

Compositing ................................................................................................................................ 10

3.2

Vermin- Compositing .................................................................................................................. 10

3.3

Bio-methanation ......................................................................................................................... 10

3.4

Incineration ................................................................................................................................. 11

3.5

Gasification and pyrolysis, .......................................................................................................... 11

3.6

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) .......................................................................................................... 11

3.7

Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery. .................................................................................... 12

3.8

Waste to Energy .......................................................................................................................... 12

Siting Criteria ..................................................................................................................................... 14 4.1

Buffer Zone Siting Criteria ........................................................................................................... 15

4.2

Buffer Zones Activities ................................................................................................................ 17

4.3

Buffer Zone for Waste Processing Facilities ................................................................................ 18

4.4

Buffer Zone for Landfill Facilities ................................................................................................19

4.5

Noise Control ..............................................................................................................................22

4.6

Green Belt ................................................................................................................................... 22

Annexure

1. Introduction Solid waste management is a major issue in developing countries like India due to increasing trend of population together with quantum of waste generation. The present solid waste management practice envisaging different treatment technologies followed by disposal of remnant in secured landfill plays a key role in the solid wastes management system, which likely to continue for the next few decades. Composting, vermin-composting, Biogas, refuse derived fuel (RDF), pelletization, Waste to Energy as specified for waste processing technologies are being attempted in the country. However, the waste to Energy is getting priority due to non-availability of land and economic return. The waste to energy process also ensures quick disposal of waste besides avoiding long term potential threat of landfill/dumpsites and their impacts on environment and health. The adoption of the waste management hierarchy, viz.– waste minimization, reuse, recycling, recovery of energy, treatment of containment and finally waste disposal in landfills, has shown the way of significant diversion of waste from accumulation of waste at landfills. Disposal of wastes in landfills is the least preferred management as it impacts on the surrounding environment. Landfill sites encompass waste processing/disposal facilities, which become sources of pollution in terms of air, water, land and noise pollution besides emitting foul smell. Therefore, provision of buffer zone around these facilities is essentially required to prevent people living in the surrounding from exposure/impacts of such pollutants. Buffer zone also acts as barrier, absorber and to some extend as remedial measures against the fugitive emissions. Buffer zone is also equally important for any processing facility as the processing activities directly or indirectly generate pollution in the area. The fugitive emissions of pollutants observed during handling of waste, storage, transportation and movements of traffics. Indian cities are expanding with the increase in population and economic activities. Identification of landfill site in such cities has become a challenging issue for the municipalities. Non-existence of proper land use plan of Urban Authorities has aggravated the situation further leading to failure in solid waste management. Municipalities are facing NIMBY syndrome, public resistance and even legal issues in the Courts. Most of the existing landfill sites have no adequate Buffer Zone; whereas available buffer zone areas are also under illegal encroachment and such landfills are always likely to face public resistance. The Buffer zone is defined as an area of restricted activities, depending on the activity and adjacent land uses i.e. the conduct of waste operation would be prohibited. It also ensures long-term availability of disposal sites by avoiding potential conflicts between disposal sites and adjacent land use. Laying down physical dimensions of Buffer Zone is a critical issue, especially for the existing facilities. Though the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 specified the terminology of Buffer Zone, the rule was silent about the dimension of Buffer Zone.

1.1

Background The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 was notified on 8th April, 2016 revamping the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. According to the newly notified Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 (at rule 14), the duties specified to Central Pollution Control Board are as follows; •

Publish guidelines for maintaining buffer zone restricting any residential, commercial or any other construction activity from the outer boundary of the waste processing and disposal facilities for different sizes of facilities handling more than five tons per day of solid waste;

•

Publish guidelines, from time to time, on environmental aspects of processing and disposal of solid waste to enable local bodies to comply with the provisions of these rules; and

In 1982 an Indian task force developed the ‘Core-Buffer-Multiple Use Zone’ strategy 1 this strategy aimed at separating incompatible land uses, in particular in relation to wildlife. In this approach, the buffer zone would be under the park authorities’ administration. Sometimes controlled use of forest produce would be allowed. The multiple-use zone was located outside the park boundaries designated for rural development. The buffer zone in the Indian context could refer to: “A buffer entirely inside the park boundaries, " A buffer with a sanctuary status adjoining the park, and " A buffer of reserved forest status adjoining a park or sanctuary. The ICDP approach is in fact the result of the buffer zone approach, since the buffer zone principle is often applied in ICDPs.

1.2 • • • • •

1.3

Objectives To minimize the risk of adverse impacts on the environment (land, air, water, noise) provide direction, certainty and consistency for the siting buffer zone area, promote responsible land management and conservation promote responsible management of hazards and loss of amenity To encourage new technological interventions depending on the processing facilities.

Legal Frame work:

The distance criteria for various activities are notified by the State Governments as well as Central Government. The new guidelines proposed should not liquidate the existing distance criteria notified under various Acts/Rules. However, implementation of these

1

Berkmüller and Mukherjee, 1998

guidelines could be more stringent considering the local conditions /existing legal frameworks. The indicative legal notifications are as under; A. Provisions related to Buffer Zone specified in the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 are as under; •

Definition of “buffer zone”- means zone of no development to be maintained around solid waste processing and disposal facility, exceeding 5 TPD of installed capacity. This will be maintained within total land area allotted for the solid waste processing and disposal facility.

•

Rule 11 Section (l)- Duties of the Secretary–in-charge, Urban Development in the States and Union territories- notify buffer zone for the solid waste processing and disposal facilities of more than five tons per day in consultation with the State Pollution Control Board

•

Rule 12 Section (h)- Duties of Central Pollution Control Board- publish guidelines for maintaining buffer zone restricting any residential, commercial or any other construction activity from the outer boundary of the waste processing and disposal facilities for different sizes of facilities handling more than five tons per day of solid waste;

•

The distance criteria specified in Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 at Schedule I (A)(vii)- The landfill site shall be 100 meter away from river, 200 meter from a pond, 200 meter from Highways, Habitations, Public Parks and water supply wells and 20 km away from Airports or Airbase. However in a special case, landfill site may be set up within a distance of 10 and 20 km away from the Airport/Airbase after obtaining no objection certificate from the civil aviation authority/ Air force as the case may be. The Landfill site shall not be permitted within the flood plains as recorded for the last 100 years, zone of coastal regulation, wetland, Critical habitat areas, and sensitive eco-fragile areas.

•

Schedule I (A)(viii)-The sites for landfill and processing and disposal of solid waste shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Department’s land-use plans.

•

Schedule I (A)(ix)-A buffer zone of no development shall be maintained around solid waste processing and disposal facility, exceeding five Tonnes per day of installed capacity. This will be maintained within the total area of the solid waste processing and disposal facility. The buffer zone shall be prescribed on case to case basis by the local body in consultation with concerned State Pollution Control Board.

•

Schedule I (F)-Criteria for ambient air quality monitoring

B. The Coastal Zone Regulation notified under the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II, Section 3, Sub-section (ii) of dated the 6th January, 2011) COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS (Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife) as under;

(i) “The land area from High Tide Line (hereinafter referred to as the HTL) to 500mts on the landward side along the sea front”.

(ii) CRZ shall apply to the land area between HTL to 100 meters or width of the creek whichever is less on the landward side along the tidal influenced water bodies that are connected to the sea and the distance up to which development along such tidal influenced water bodies is to be regulated shall be governed by the distance up to which the tidal effects are experienced which shall be determined based on salinity concentration of 5 parts per thousand (ppt) measured during the driest period of the year and distance up to which tidal effects are experienced shall be clearly identified and demarcated accordingly in the Coastal Zone Management Plans (hereinafter referred to as the CZMPs). Prohibited activities under the CRZ Notification are as under; (i)

Setting up and expansion of units or mechanism for disposal of wastes and effluents except facilities required for,(a) Discharging treated effluents into the water course with approval under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974); (b) Storm water drains and ancillary structures for pumping; (c) Treatment of waste and effluents arising from hotels, beach resorts and human settlements located in CRZ areas other than CRZ-I and disposal of treated wastes and effluents;

(ii)

Dumping of city or town wastes including construction debris, industrial solid wastes, fly ash for the purpose of land filling and the like and the concerned authority shall implement schemes for phasing out any existing practice, if any,

shall be phased out within a period of one year from date of commencement of this notification. C.

Any other Notifications under Central/ State Governments; (i)

Notified Areas- Reserved Forests, Nature Protection, Sanctuary, Wild life Sanctuary, Eco-sensitive zones, Historical Monuments, places of tourist interest, etc. (ii) State Policy/Plan (iii) Master Plan of development Authorities

1.4

Purpose of Buffer Zones

The Buffer Zone, as defines the land between the boundary of core activity area that may potentially be used for waste processing and disposal activities as per land use and the boundary of the area owned by the facility within which unacceptable adverse impacts due to these waste processing and disposal activities on the amenity of sensitive land use are possible. This may be represented by the separation distance.

1.5

Current Scenario

Pollution Aspect A major environmental concern is gas release by decomposing garbage. Methane is a by-product of the anaerobic respiration of bacteria, and these bacteria thrive in landfills with high amounts of moisture. Methane concentrations can reach up to 50% of the composition of landfill gas at maximum anaerobic decomposition (Cointreau-Levine, 1997). A second problem with these gasses is their contribution to the enhanced greenhouse gas effect and climate change .Liquid leachate management varies throughout the landfills of the developing world. Waste management is a problem in urban and rural areas. Many areas, particularly in India, still have inadequate waste management; poorly controlled open dumps and illegal roadside dumping remain a problem. Such dumping spoils scenic resources, pollutes soil and water resources, and is a potential health hazard to plants, animals and people. Also these big dump site doesn’t give a aesthetic view to people. Noise and dust are also the major concern for the landfill sites. Scarcity of land Land is scarce in India, even though the country has a land area of about 328 million hectares which is the seventh largest land area among the countries of the world. For giving the buffer zone area around the core facility will be a challenge as land is not available mostly encroachment has already taken place in many places around the landfill sites which ultimately effects the surrounding area. In most of the towns, no land is available for the treating the of solid waste, neither as landfill site nor for disposal through other techniques. The Master/Development Plans, prepared by the Town Planning Department, do not reflect this aspect. Many a times, land is earmarked for sanitation purpose, which includes the

disposal of solid waste as well as a site for sewage treatment plant, which is insufficient for either use. Since location of the land plays an important role, therefore, it should be located in such a way that solid waste is disposed off in decentralized manner so that the transportation cost for the solid waste is optimized. People living around the site are so resistance that they are not willing to vacate the area or for relocate.

2. Approach Guidelines for maintaining buffer around waste processing and disposal facility

Scope

Formulation of Objectives: • • •

To minimize the risk of adverse impacts on the environment (land, air, water, noise) provide direction, certainty and consistency for the siting buffer zone area, promote responsible land management and conservation

• •

promote responsible management of hazards and loss of amenity To encourage new technological interventions depending on the processing facilities

•

Literature Study

• •

Review on Committee inputs Committee discusses-reviews and expert testimony and develops draft recommendations

• •

Committee discusses and revises guideline Comments Review on Committee inputs

•

Final input and recommendation are consider

Guideline Development

Draft Guideline revised

Updation

Published

3. Processing Facility The main technological options available for processing/ treatment and disposal of MSW are composting, vermin-composting, anaerobic digestion/bio-methanation, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as pelletization and sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery. Not all technologies are equally good in all respect. Each one of them has advantages and limitations.

3.1

Compositing

Composting can be carried out in two ways i.e., aerobically and anaerobically. During aerobic composting aerobic micro-organisms oxidize organic compounds to Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate. Carbon from organic compounds is used as a source of energy while nitrogen is recycled. Due to exothermic reaction, temperature of the mass rises. During anaerobic process, the anaerobic micro organisms, while metabolizing the nutrients, break down the organic compounds through a process of reduction. A very small amount of energy is released during the process and the temperature of composting mass does not rise much. The gases evolved are mainly Methane and Carbon dioxide. An anaerobic process is a reduction process and the final product is subjected to some minor oxidation when applied to land. 2 Details of Land requirement for compost plant and compost plants details in India are given in Annexure -1

3.2

Vermin- Compositing

Vermi-composting involves the stabilization of organic solid waste through earthworm consumption which converts the material into worm castings. Vermin-composting is the result of combined activity o...