Ecoyou EXAM 2 PDF

Preview

Summary

Study Guide...

Description

https://quizlet.com/238659815/inter-he-201-exam-2-flash-cards/?new https://quizlet.com/239904681/exam-2-flash-cards/ UNIT 6: MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. According to research by Sonya Lyubomirsky, there are 3 major determining factors of happiness. We have simplified her labels into the easy to remember A, B, C’s. Which of the following represents the relative weight she finds for each part of the “happiness pie”? a. Agency = 10%; Biology = 60%; Context = 30% b. Agency = 50%; Biology = 10%; Context = 40% c. Agency = 40%; Biology = 50%; Context = 10% d. Agency = 10%; Biology = 30%; Context = 60% 2. According to the “40 percent solution”, which of the following are intentional (i.e., "agentic") actions you can employ to increase your happiness levels? (Choose all that apply) a. Exercising b. Sending a thank you note to a loved one c. Being born in a community with lots of opportunity d. Avoiding hardships 3. Phillipe is unemployed and living in the U.S. thousands of miles from his family in France. He has limited English language proficiency and feels isolated and alone. He works hard to see the challenges in his life as opportunities and he was well known in his hometown as being optimistic and cheerful. His overall life satisfaction is low. What factor is weighing heavily in determining his level of happiness? a. Agency b. Biology c. Context d. None of the above 4. Which of the following is NOT associated with hedonic happiness? a. Maximizing pleasure b. Seeking personal satisfaction c. Minimizing pain d. Seeking meaning 5. Positive psychology is best conceptualized as a. all of the above. b. a new branch of psychology that focuses on measuring positive aspects of life because negative aspects such as depression and loneliness are too difficult to measure. c. the scientific study of what is positive about life and people rather than a focus on

what is wrong. d. a branch of psychology that studies hedonic happiness and its relationship to brain functioning. NOTES: The happiness pie and the 40% solution Determinants of happiness and Agency, Biology/Genetics, and Circumstances/Context (ABC) Hedonic treadmill or hedonic adaptation ● Hedonic happiness: short-term satisfaction, ex- eating a good meal UNIT 7 TERMS: 1. Need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation, over evolutionary time, our species developed a fundamental, powerful, and pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum number of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal attachments—a need to belong. 2. "Othering": any action by which an individual or group becomes mentally classified in somebody's mind as “not one of us”. Belonging and othering often go together 3. /behavioral system: innate and adaptive "propensity to make strong affectional bonds to others" in other words, infants come into the world predisposed to bind to their mother, father or primary caregiver 4. Caregiving behavioral system: how the caregiver responds to the infant's attachment behaviors - do they want to cuddle and nurture or could they care less that they are crying? The quality of the relationship to the infant is directly correlated to how the infant will behave in adulthood 5. Mating (or sexuality) behavioral system: a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behavior 6. Attachment behavior: behaviors infants and adults commonly show that have been adapted because with the chance of survival (mostly in primitive times, sometime modern) often increased- crying, suckling, smiling, following 7. Secure and insecure attachment styles (infant and adult): 1) Secure Attachment: high proximity seeking and contact maintaining, no resistant or avoidant behavior, if distressed infant seeks comfort from their caregiver, when caregiver leaves, they are confident she/he will return- able to enjoy rewarding relationships in adulthood, built on trust 2) Insecure/Resistant: would rather maintain contact with caregiver than explore because they are afraid he/she will leave, very stressed when caregiver leaves but they are angry when he/she returns - "hit or miss" caregiving - adults tend to be anxious and think their relationship partners will leave them, "clingy", seek constant validation 3) Insecure/Avoidant: infant treats caregiver like a stranger, don't get distressed when she leaves or anxious when she returns, don't seek comfort and show high levels of avoidance - adults often struggle with the idea that they are good enough to be loved and cared for, they can "do it on

their own" and/or think they will soon enough be abandoned in the relationship, can be stand offish in a relationship 8. Face perceptual system: Infants have some degree of perceptual knowledge of faces, the infant is able to acquire certain facts about how a face is supposed to look 9. Empathic accuracy: Ability to accurately decode meaning or infer content of another person's thoughts and feelings, face perception is vital 10. Interpersonal sensitivity: how well an individual can "read" other people's - emotions, body language, etc. 11. Responsiveness: the quality of reacting quickly and positively 12. Still-face effect: infants respond to a still face by reducing visual attention, smiling and other positive affective displays, and with increases in crying and negative behaviors 13. Social integration: The extent of a person's social ties or connections (ex: marital status, degree of contact with friends/family, community/organization involvement) leads to healthier lives 14. Loneliness: sadness because one has no friends or company (absence of satisfying social connections and close relationships - psychologically adverse state) 15. Emotional vs social isolation: emotional isolation is a lack of emotional closeness and attachment and can only be fixed by the formation of a new attachment. social isolation occurs when there is an absence of a social network and can only be remedied by finding one 16. Social support, Perceived vs Received: The perception that social support is available when needed vs. the actual emotional support someone receives...often perceived is more important than received 17. Social support network: a group of people who you find understand you and you can look to for support 18. Proximity & functional distance: Proximity = physical nearness. Functional Distance = how likely people will come into contact with each other 19. Matching hypothesis: people are more likely to form successful relationships with people who are as equally physically attractive as they are 20. Reciprocity or reciprocal liking: We are more likely to like those who like us, When we believe someone likes us we tend to be more likeable in their presence, which in turn leads them to actually like us more 21. Mere exposure effect: we like people, pictures, objects we have seen more, Repeated contact→ familiarity→ liking 22. Harvard Study of Adult Development: proved that meaningful relationships are the key to a longer happier life MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. At the same time that humans are theorized to have an evolved need for social connection and belonging, we may also have an evolved tendency to exclude or distrust others who are not like

ourselves. Which of the following would NOT be consistent with this claim? a. we have a tendency to display in-group favoritism and outgroup prejudice b. primates have been shown to create ingroups and outgroups and to process information in prejudicial ways c. all of the answers are consistent with this claim d. the existence of racism, ethnic strife, gang warfare 2. “Contact comfort” was established as a basic need by which of the following sources of empirical evidence? a. Regardless of cultural context, babies prefer their biological moms over non-biological caregivers. b. Babies separated from their mother in the “strange situation” experiment needed touch to explore again. c. Rhesus monkeys in a lab will choose the soft mom over the nutritious mom. d. How babies react in the still face research paradigm. 3. Jada and Will have been dating for 3 weeks and are feeling very emotionally close to each other. They have begun a satisfying sexual relationship and each feels a need to be around the other at all times. Neither of them has thought about whether the relationship has a future; they are both enjoying the present. In Sternberg's model, this might demonstrate ________ love. a. fatuous b. romantic c. empty d. consummate

4. Many people find that online relationships, including friendships and romances, are easier to establish and maintain than they would have predicted. Based on what you learned in the reading on Love Friendship and Social Support, what makes these relationships so 'real'?

a. Functional distance: There is a high amount of interaction between the individuals involved. b. Reciprocity: Being in the same chat room or forum creates the necessity of reciprocity between people. c. Similarity: Both parties tend to start out with a shared interest in online interactions. d. Proximity: People feel that they are physically close to others when they are online together. 5. The _______ effect refers to the idea that people like people, places, or things only because they are familiar with them and have regular contact with them. a. proximity b. in-group c. mere exposure d. "birds of a feather flock together"

UNIT 8 TERMS: 1. Emotional intimacy: knowing someone else and being known by someone else, connecting on a deep level 2. Interpersonal process model of intimacy: 1) Person A makes a vulnerable selfdisclosure 2) Person B interprets that disclosure 3) Person B responds in some fashion 4) Person A makes own interpretation of Person B's response 5) Feel validated, understood and cared for? - Emotional intimacy occurs 3. Responsiveness vs bright-siding, story-topping etc. 4. Vulnerability: refers to “uncertainty, risk, and emotional exposure” 5. Self-Disclosure: appropriate and mutual self-disclosure can increase feelings of liking and loving. sharing something personal about yourself, not widespread knowledge, risk or emotional exposure 6. Perspective-taking: understanding others' mental states and ideas 7. Eye-gazing: mutual gazing into another person’s eyes can increase feelings of attraction. Requires vulnerability. Study of staring into stranger’s eyes: 4 minutes of uninterrupted eye gazing 8. Active listening: Active listening can assist in responding sensitively to self-disclosures, Paraphrase, Ask questions, Express empathy, Use engaged body language, Avoid judgement, Avoid giving advice, Summarize the speaker’s comments, Share your perspective 9. Relationship and sexual satisfaction: Research has consistently found that sexualsatisfaction is associated with relationship-satisfaction: does not mean that satisfying sex causes satisfying relationships-- good relationship causes or leads to good sex. 10. Hand holding study: Holding the hand of a loved one to comfort them really does help

reduce pain 11. Poor quality relationships and mortality 12. Processes that predict relationship quality 13. Triangular theory of love: intimacy component, a passion component, and a decision/commitment component. 14. Sexual intimacy: the process of engaging in consensual sensual and sexual activities with another person(s), most partnered sexual activity occurs within the context of a longterm committed relationships. 15. Sexual activities: penetration of the vagina by the penis (heterosexual), stimulation of the genitals, many definitions depending on who your partner is 16. Hookups and hookup culture: Hookup culture refers not to the act of hooking up, but to a culture around sexuality that privileges hookup behavior over other sexual behaviors. Hookups: a sexually based encounter between strangers or brief acquaintances in which the partners are not anticipating having a continuing relationship, often occur while both partners are intoxicated, are expected to be relatively meaningless and unemotional, and while they are supposed to seem spontaneous, hookups occur in specific places, at specific times, and follow a specific sexual script, About ⅔ of students hook up at least once over the course of college 17. Sexual scripts: Shared understandings in a culture of how sex is supposed to happen. This includes an understanding of why sex happens, when sex happens, and who does what during sexual activity. include social norms, which can be understood as guidelines accepted by a culture that dictate how people should (and should not) think, feel, and behave in specific situations (in this case in situations involving sex and sexuality). include social roles, which are guidelines for what behaviors should or should not be performed by each person in a situation depending on who they are (in heterosexual sexual scripts, social roles are often defined by gender). 18. Social norms: which can be understood as guidelines accepted by a culture that dictate how people should (and should not) think, feel, and behave in specific situations (in this case in situations involving sex and sexuality) 19. Casual sex with affection: partners would begin engaging in sexual activities once emotional intimacy was established between them, and the types of sexual activity they tried would coincide with the seriousness of their relationship. 20. Casual sex without affection: sex with a partner you are not in a committed relationship with 21. Gendered (Norms, Rules, Institutions, etc…) 22. Sexual agency: active participant in your sexual experiences, you make decisions about what happens/ doesn’t happen in sex. being free from obligations or pressure: you choose to engage in sexual activities because they align with your values, desires, comfort, and judgment, not because you feel peer pressure, or out of fear that someone will get mad at you or not like you. 23. Sexual communication: The most satisfying sex occurs when partners both feel cared

for and respected, feel connected with each other, are attentive and giving in sex, are comfortable talking about what they want or need, and are responsive to their partners desires and needs. Great sex occurs when we feel unstressed and trusting, safe and secure, respected and cared for, and when we are able to communicate about sex. Sexual partners who are able to communicate about sex report being much more satisfied with sex than those who do not. 24. The Pizza Metaphor: - Baseball: decided time, not necessarily a choice, competition, offense and defense, played a certain way and in a certain order - Pizza: eat pizza when hungry, collaborative activity, pleasure for both parties, communication, infinite choice and creativity MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. In Brene Brown’s TED Talk on vulnerability, she finds that one factor that separated those who have a strong sense of love and belonging and those who really struggle for it. It was that those who have a strong sense of love and belonging: a. Have a strong fear of being left out b. Don’t care what others think of them c. Have more friends and social connections d. Feel they are worthy of belonging and being loved 2. According to the intimacy process model: a. responses to disclosures are unrelated to intimacy development b. factual disclosures provide greater opportunities for intimacy than emotional disclosures c. feeling understood, validated, and cared for is determined by attachment history d. motives, needs, goals, and fears affect how partners interpret one another’s behaviors 3. Which of the following is NOT consistent with the research conducted and described by Lisa Wade in the podcast you listened to? a. Students are much more sexually active now than their parents were at their age. b. In a hookup culture a woman might be hooking up but refuse to have sex with a man she really likes. c. The type of students that enjoy the hookup culture the most are heterosexual, white, upper-class, and conventionally attractive. d. Issues of social status and gaining approval from your friends are integral parts of the hookup culture. 4. Which of the following does NOT define or characterize the concept of sexual agency? a. Feeling free of any pressure from friends or family about how you engage in or don't engage in sexual activities. b. Making decisions and choices about what happens in a sexual encounter.

c. Engaging in sexual activities in a way that aligns with your values, comfort, and desires. d. Having the ability to have an orgasm given proper stimulation. 5. Which of the following statements are accurate about sexual scripts? a. Sexual scripts are gendered. b. Sexual scripts can guide a person into behavior that they don't feel comfortable engaging in. c. Sexual scripts can make people who do not conform to the dominant culture's norms feel alienated. d. All of the answers are correct. UNIT 9: TERMS: 1. Prosocial behavior: Actions that go beyond oneself to benefit others or society as a whole 2. Cooperation: Working with others to reach a common goal, helps facilitate group living 3. Reconciliation: The restoration of relationships 4. Kindness: the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate 5. Fairness: impartial and/or just treatment or behavior without favoritism or discrimination 6. Reciprocity: exchanging privileges with one another for a mutual benefit 7. Empathy (emotional and cognitive channels): emotional channels - emotional is understanding one's emotions, but not necessarily wanting to help, cognitive channels cognitive is similar but you also have a desire to do something "perspective taking 8. Emotional contagion: Having a person's emotions and related behaviors directly trigger similar emotions and behaviors in others - yawning! 9. Reciprocal altruism: someone temporarily acts in a manner that reduces their fitness to help others with the expectation that the favor will later be returned; According to evolutionary psychology, a genetic predisposition for people to help those who have previously helped them 10. Mirror neurons: neurons that subconsciously mirror the expressions and/or attitudes of other 11. Altruism: The practice of selfless concern for other's well-beings; behavior of someone that benefits another at their own expense 12. Compassion: To suffer together- to want to alleviate other's sufferings and actually take some sort of action 13. Pity: feeling sorry for one's suffering, grounded in power imbalance where the other one is seen as inferior to oneself 14. Loving-kindness meditation: involves mentally sending goodwill, kindness, and warmth towards others by silently repeating a series of mantras. 15. Egoism or egoistic motivation: deep down we are always motivated to do things that benefit ourselves, helping others will make us feel good about ourselves too

16. Pluralistic ignorance: when a majority of group members silently reject a norm but incorrectly assume that most accept it and therefore go along with it. ***when applied to tendency to help other, one refers to other's lack of action to justify their own lack of action, which inherently yield less help being delivered 17. Diffusion of responsibility: a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present - the person assumes others are responsible, not themselves 18. Bystander intervention: The phenomenon whereby people intervene to help others in need even if the other is a complete stranger and the intervention puts the helper at risk 19. Empathy-Altruism Model: empathetic concern produces altruistic behavior, if we feel empathy towards someone we are most likely to help them MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. In his TED talk, Frans de Waal showed us clips from what has become a very famous study of non-human primates and fairness. What evidence was found suggesting that non-human primates have a strong sense of fairness, i.e., a desire for equity? a. They protest and become angry when they are given a less desirable food than another group member. b. They were shown to comfort other group members after a loss. c. All of these are correct. d. They cooperate to get food. 2. Research suggests that the greater the number of individuals who witness a person in trouble, the a. more likely it is that any one person will help the person in need. b. less compassion any one person will feel toward...